稻田土壤养分特性对不同耕作方式的生态响应

为深入了解耕作措施对稻田耕层土壤的作用效果,笔者在前人研究结果的基础上综述了免耕、翻耕等不同耕作方式对稻田土壤物理性质包括容重、孔隙度、团聚体、水分、温度,土壤化学性质如氮、磷、钾、有机质和微量元素含量以及土壤生物学特性包括微生物、酶活性的影响,分析了不同稻作措施的优缺点。最后对稻田耕层的合理调控提出因地制宜,依据当地的气候、土壤条件、栽培模式选择合理的耕作方式;合理轮耕,免耕、翻耕和旋耕交替运作;配施绿肥和有机肥;推行节水稻作模式等建议。     

基于GIS的不同种植模式下凉州区日光温室土壤养分分析

采用GPS定位取样测试、ACIGIS软件数据分析和地统计分析方法,对凉州区日光温室土壤养分状况进行了分析评价。结果表明,在0~20 cm表层土壤中,不同种植模式的氮、磷、钾养分分布趋势基本一致。种植番茄—架豆、番茄—辣椒电导率最大,为1.97 ms/cm;种植番茄—架豆盐分最高,为11.9 g/kg;种植人参果CEC最大,为16.87%。在20~40 cm土壤中,种植番茄—辣椒电导率最高,为2.59 ms/cm;种植小乳瓜盐分最大,其值为17.9 g/kg;种植人参果CEC最大,为19.94%。     

蔬菜洪涝灾后田间管理主要技术措施及对策

持续大到暴雨导致蔬菜田块遭受水淹,易造成涝灾、渍害,田间湿度大,病害多发,落花、落果较多,出现沤根、烂根、死棵、绝收现象。为搞好生产救灾,将灾害损失降至最低,针对洪涝灾害影响、灾后田间管理、灾后恢复生产等方面阐述了蔬菜灾后生产技术措施,对不同受灾程度的田块提出了清沟沥水、及时追肥、抢收抢种和加强病虫害防治等田间管理技术对策。     

Effects of Glyphosate on Soil Salinization and Alkalization in Cotton Fields

We analyzed the effects of glyphosate to the index of salinization and alkalization by simulation in soils collected from cotton fields in Anyang, Henan and Anqing, Anhui, China, in 2014. The results showed that application of glyphosate changed electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH of soil in both regions，compared with the blank control. With increased frequency of glyphosate application and increased concentration applied, all indices increased in the Anqing cotton fields soil which were treated with concentrations of 2.5-20 g·L^－1 . However, EC, TAL and ESP increased dynamically in Anyang soil to which high concentrations of 20 g·L^－1 were applied only four consecutive times. After different glyphosate treatments, the soil pH value showed an upward trend but smaller changes. Therefore, after repeated use of glyphosate to soils of two different region soils, although the changes of all indices were within the range of non-saline and non-sodic soils, the soils affected by salt in the glyphosate aqueous solution tended towards saline-sodic soils.     

生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量及品质的影响

探究生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量和品质的影响，确定番茄产量和综合品质最优的灌水量及生物炭添加量，为重壤土地区温室番茄栽培提供灌水及生物炭施加依据。采用桶栽试验，设置3个生物炭添加量（0，3%，6%，按干土重的百分比计）和3个灌水水平（充分灌溉W1：75%~85%θ_f；中度亏缺W2：55%~65%θ_f；重度亏缺W3：40%~50%θ_f。θ_f为田间持水量），共9个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时，亏缺灌溉下番茄产量降低了13.8%~54.0%（P＜0.05），果实硬度、果色指数、VC、可溶性固形物、有机酸含量等营养品质指标均显著降低，果型指数、番茄红素则呈现增加的趋势，灌溉水利用效率在重度亏缺下降低了10.9%（P＜0.05）；在充分灌溉条件下添加生物炭，番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了12.3%~22.0%和23.3%~28.6%，可溶性固形物含量降低了6.4%~17.7%（P＜0.05），对VC、番茄红素、有机酸含量及外观品质无显著影响；在亏缺灌溉条件下添加生物炭不利于增产，C1W3、C2W3处理产量较C0W3处理分别降低了37.6%（P<0.05）、17.1%（P>0.05），但外观品质指标、VC、可溶性固形物均有一定幅度的提升，对灌溉水利用效率的影响表现为低添加量时降低而高添加量时提高。综合分析表明，各灌水水平下添加生物炭均能提高番茄品质的综合排名，充分灌溉下生物炭低添加量效果较好，而亏缺灌溉下高添加量较优，尤其是C2W2处理，番茄品质综合排名可达到充分灌溉的效果。综合考虑番茄品质、产量及灌溉水利用效率，C1W1处理（灌水水平为75%~85%θ_f，施炭量为3%）为最优处理。     

Organic input quality is more important than its quantity: C turnover coefficients in different cropping systems

Annual C input to soil is a major factor affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. However different types of C-sources can have different behaviour, in relation to their chemical characteristics and how they interact with soil. Root-derived C, in particular, should be more efficient than other organic materials as a result of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the surrounding environment, leading to a reduction in the C decomposition rate.To test this hypothesis, we considered a long-term experiment underway in Northern Italy since 1962, comparing permanent meadow and 6 different crop rotations over a wide range of nutrient inputs, in both organic and inorganic forms. C inputs from amendments were measured and those from crops were calculated using allometric functions and crop and residues yields. The time evolution of SOC was studied through a single-pool, first-order kinetic model, allowing the estimation of humification coefficients for residues, roots, farmyard manure and cattle slurries.The highest value of the humification coefficient was estimated for farmyard manure, which confirmed its high efficiency in stabilising SOC content. Root C presented a humification coefficient 1.9 times higher than above-ground plant materials while slurries were intermediate, with a humification coefficient roughly half that of farmyard manure and even lower that of roots.The quality of C input thus seems of fundamental importance for evaluating the sustainability of different cropping systems in terms of SOC dynamics.     

浙南山区杨梅大棚促早栽培技术研究

本研究选择‘东魁’杨梅为试验材料，以露地栽培为对照，研究大棚设施促早栽培对‘东魁’杨梅的物候期、产量、品质、效益的影响效应。经过3年的试验，通过对‘东魁’杨梅物候期的记载，产量、效益的统计，单果质量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、钾含量、Vc含量等质量指标的检测，综合分析结果表明，东魁杨梅大棚栽培促早、提质、增效效果显著。本研究对优化和推广杨梅大棚促早栽培技术具有重要意义，对山区农民增收提供示范案例。     

农民学分制学历教育模式研究

农业职业教育是服务"三农"的教育。针对农村剩余劳动力提出农民学分制学历教育培养模式,将课堂搬到"田间地头",最大限度地发挥农业职业学校服务于经济社会的职能,结合教育与生产实际,融合专业与产业,实现让广大农民接受教育的目标。     

特大型沼气工程温室气体减排效益分析——以“海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气项目”为例

根据国际通用的温室气体减排计算方法，对海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气工程所带来的主要温室气体减排量和减排效益进行了估算分析。结果表明：项目每年可减少温室气体排放53 560 t(CO2当量)，以上海碳交易市场近年平均交易价格(39.23元/t CO2)计算，可带来210.12万元的经济效益。