不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响

为了探究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响,试验地采用马铃薯连作模式,设置3个施肥处理,即：单施化肥(T)、有机肥配施化肥(YTF 1/2)、全量有机肥(YTF)。结果表明：在不同施肥处理下马铃薯农田土壤的理化性质和马铃薯产量发生了变化,其中变化最为明显的土壤指标有土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、有效磷。YTF处理较T处理可分别显著(P<0.05)降低土壤容重16.8%,增加土壤孔隙度12.7%,提升饱和导水率25.3%。YTF处理可显著提升土壤有效磷含量43.0%,但各处理间土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾之间差异并未达到显著水平。同时,较之T处理,YTF处理亦可显著提升土壤团聚体含量。YTF和YTF 1/2处理可分别较T处理提升马铃薯产量24.6%和12.8%。因此,施用有机肥不仅可以改善土壤结构,改良土壤物理性状,亦能促产增收。     

马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病药剂防治筛选试验报告

马铃薯产业是宁夏“1+4”特色优势产业,是西吉县所有农作物中种植面积最大、涉及农户最多、比较效益最高的农民脱贫致富的主导产业。近年来西吉县马铃薯产业由商品薯种植大县向种薯繁育大县的转变,推动了农业增效,农民增收的快速发展。但各类土传性病害的发生影响了马铃薯产业的发展,同时磋商了农民种植的积极性。为了测定筛选出对马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病防治效果好、成本较低药剂,为大田防治提供科学依据。     

饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬(Cr-Met)添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,2个因素分别为饲粮精料水平和Cr-Met添加剂量,其中饲粮精料水平分别设为35%(低精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为35∶65)和55%(高精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为55∶45),Cr-Met添加剂量分别设为0、0.75和1.50 g/(d·只)。将60只雄性滩羊羔羊[平均体重为(21±1)kg]随机分配到6个试验组,每组10只。试验期为80 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期65 d。结果显示:1)与低精料饲粮组相比,高精料饲粮组滩羊的平均日增重、屠宰率、背膘厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重显著增加(P<0.05),但料重比与肌肉蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度(L*)值、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值则显著降低(P<0.05)。2)低精料饲粮组滩羊背膘厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性降低(P<0.05),但肌肉pH则线性升高(P<0.05)。3)高精料饲粮组滩羊肋肉比重、腰肉比重以及肌肉剪切力和pH随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性升高(P<0.05),而肌内脂肪含量和肌肉a*值则线性降低(P<0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,建议在滩羊养殖中选择精粗比为55∶45的高精料饲粮,Cr-Met的适宜添加剂量为1.50 g/(d·只),且不建议在精粗比为35∶65的低精料饲粮中添加Cr-Met。     

墨脱县农田土壤养分现状与分布特征

本研究利用2017年墨脱县农田测土配方项目土壤调查数据,运用地统计学方法研究了墨脱县耕层土壤有机质(SOM)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)养分含量现状及分布特征,以期为墨脱县耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:当前墨脱全县土壤SOM、AN、AP和AK平均含量为89.18 g/kg、201.25 mg/kg、11.23 mg/kg、313.17 mg/kg;90%的土壤样本有机质含量处于丰富水平;83%的土壤样本碱解氮含量处于丰富、稍丰等级;84%的土壤样本速效磷含量在中等及中等以下肥力水平;46%的土壤样本速效钾含量处于中等及以下水平。从空间分布来看,土壤SOM、AK总体上呈现西高东低,AN含量由北至南呈升高趋势,土壤AP整体上没有明显的空间变化规律。墨脱县耕地土壤养分整体表现为有机质含量丰富,氮素养分较丰富,磷素养分缺乏现象普遍,钾素养分部分区域缺乏。为提升墨脱县耕地土壤肥力水平,各乡镇应该因地制宜进行土壤培肥。     

延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施，2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种，测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明，收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加，机收产量显著提高，2年平均提高9.72%；而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%，而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%，是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状，三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系；玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状，倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关，而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量，从而降低籽粒破碎率，但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上，长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获，可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率，提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Replication of neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in CD172a+ monocytic cells

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is responsible for respiratory disorders, abortion and myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in horses. Two pathotypes of EHV-1 strains are circulating in the field: neurovirulent (N) and non-neurovirulent (NN). For both strains, CD172a⁺ monocytic cells are one of the main carrier cells of EHV-1 during primary infection, allowing the virus to invade the horse’s body. Recently, we showed that EHV-1 NN strains showed a restricted and delayed replication in CD172a⁺ cells. Here we characterize the in vitro replication kinetics of two EHV-1 N strains in CD172a⁺ cells and investigate if the replication of these strains is similarly silenced as shown for EHV-1 NN strains. We found that EHV-1 N replication was restricted to 7–8% in CD172a⁺ cells compared to 100% in control RK-13 cells. EHV-1 N replication was not delayed in CD172a⁺ cells but virus production was significant lower (10^3.0 TCID₅₀/10⁵ inoculated cells) than in RK-13 cells (10^8.5 TCID₅₀/10⁵ inoculated cells). Approximately 0.04% of CD172a⁺ cells produced and transmitted infectious EHV-1 to neighbour cells compared to 65% of RK-13 cells. Unlike what we observed for the NN strain, pretreatment of CD172a⁺ cells with histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) did not influence the replication of EHV-1 N strains in these cells. Overall, these results show that the EHV-1 replication of N strains in CD172a⁺ cells differs from that observed for NN strains, which may contribute to their different pathogeneses in vivo.     

Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.     

Looking back on development and disaster‐related displacement and resettlement,anticipating climate‐related displacement in the Asia Pacific region

The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action.