The influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey

ObjectiveTo evaluate a mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing device in the donkey, and to investigate the influence of potential confounders on MNTs generated.Study designProspective, randomised.AnimalsSixteen castrated male donkeys aged 4–9 years, weighing 105–170 kg.MethodsMechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured using an actuator with three pins placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal limb, connected to a force meter. The pins (surface area 15 mm²) were extruded onto the limb by pressurising an air-filled syringe, until the MNT force (when foot-lift was observed) or 25 N (cut-off force) was reached. Effect on MNT of presence of a companion donkey, the limb tested, rate of application of force, testing location, level of distraction, ambient temperature and hair cover at the test site was evaluated. Long and short-term repeatability of MNT was assessed. Data were analysed using general linear models and Mann–Whitney U tests, p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsIncreasing the rate of force application significantly increased the mean ± SD MNT from 9.2 ± 2.0 N when applied at 0.4 N sec^?1 to 10.6 ± 2.1 N when applied at 1.2 N sec^?1 (p = 0.001). No other factors significantly influenced MNT. Mean MNT remained stable over a 3 week period, however MNTs were significantly (p = 0.006) higher (12.8 ± 3.0 N cf 10.3 ± 1.9 N) after a 12 month interval.Conclusions and clinical relevanceWhen designing studies measuring MNT in donkeys, rate of application of force must be standardised. Donkeys’ MNTs have good short-term stability suggesting this technique is appropriate for short-term analgesiometry studies; however variability of MNTs over the long-term is greater.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

人工控制自然交尾条件下中国对虾父本的微卫星识别

人工控制自然交尾条件下,在保持中国对虾雌、雄5∶1的交配比率下,获得了两尾交尾并产生子代的雌虾,同时有4个疑似父本需要识别.利用3个微卫星引物及其组成的三重PCR技术对4个疑似父本进行了鉴别,准确的找到了相应的与雌虾交尾的雄虾.这为建立半同胞家系提供了一种新的技术和思路.     

梯田对黄土区降雨径流过程的影响及SCS-CN模型应用与改进

梯田改变了流域下垫面,对降雨径流过程势必产生影响,径流曲线模型（Soil Conservation Service Curve Number,SCS-CN）在中国黄土区,特别是梯田分布广泛流域的适用性仍存争议。为此,该研究以位于甘肃天水的罗玉沟流域为研究对象,利用梯田修建前后2个时段（1985-1990年、2000-2010年）的降雨径流实测资料,分析梯田修建对降雨-径流过程的影响,验证SCS-CN模型的适用性,进一步考虑梯田修建的影响针对不同降雨类型分别提出了基于降雨量和平均雨强的模型改进方法。结果表明：1）梯田修建对流域径流过程的影响与降雨强度关系密切。当雨强较小时,梯田显著削减流域洪峰和径流总量,削减幅度均在55%以上;而当降雨量和雨强较大时,梯田削减洪峰和径流总量效果并不显著。总体上,梯田修建后流域平均降雨径流系数显著减小至0.06,减小幅度约54%。2）基于最小二乘法优化与考虑前期土壤含水率修正的SCS-CN模型并不适用于梯田分布广泛流域的径流预报。引入降雨量和平均雨强改进后的模型模拟效果显著提高,此时流域暴雨量级以下和以上降雨事件的初损率分别为0.29和0.02。该研究基于降雨因子改进的模型在梯田分布广泛流域具有一定的适用性,可为流域产流计算及水土保持规划提供参考依据。     

苹果外部缺陷全表面在线检测分选装置研发

中国是水果消费大国,但在水果产后检测装备方面相对滞后。针对目前在线装置无法采集苹果全表面图像信息且无法精确计算缺陷面积的问题,该研究以表面缺陷面积的快速检测为主要目标,提出苹果全表面图像合成算法,设计了一套苹果外部品质在线检测及分级装置。该研究以苹果为例,基于球模型提出苹果全表面图像合成算法、缺陷面积校正算法精确计算苹果的表面缺陷面积。通过试验验证,对苹果表面图像进行分割合成后,整体的图像的漏检率为0。提出缺陷面积校正算法,可以计算图像中位于任意位置的苹果缺陷真实面积,选取了120个样本进行验证,其中擦伤样本、碰伤样本、痘斑病样本、表面腐败样本各30个。擦伤样本缺陷面积预测值与真实值的决定系数R2为0.9787,标准误差RMSE（Root Mean Squared Error）为3.577 4 mm2,偏角试验中R2为0.975 8,RMSE为3.466 3 mm2。碰伤样本缺陷面积预测值与真实值的R2为0.973 0,RMSE为3.981 9 mm2,偏角试验中R2为0.974 2,RMSE为4.062 4 mm2。痘斑病样本缺陷面积预测值与真实值的R2为0.970 8,RMSE为3.836 6 mm2,偏角试验中R2为0.977 9,RMSE为3.895 3 mm2;表面腐败样本缺陷面积预测值与真实值的R2为0.9812,RMSE为3.178 1 mm2,偏角试验中R2为0.974 8,RMSE为6.304 4 mm2。在整个试验过程中,R2总体上高于0.97,RMSE小于6.304 4 mm2。装置检测苹果的速度为2个/s,评级准确率为95%,检测与苹果评级精度较高,工作较为稳定,实现了苹果外部缺陷的检测与分级评价,为苹果的外部品质检测提供了技术支撑。     

气吸式排种器批量联动试验台的设计

设计一种新型批量联动排种器试验台,以有效解决播种机排种器总成的质量检验及性能调试问题。介绍该试验台的总体结构及工作原理,详细说明各主要系统的配置及其参数计算方法。该试验台结构合理,操作方便,工作效率高。     

构建高职高专食品检测类专业实践课程的渐进式探究性教学体系研究

在分析高职高专食品检测类专业的实践课教学现存主要问题的基础上,将“渐进式”教学方法和“探究性”学习理论结合,引入高职高专食品检测类专业的实验和综合实训课程教学中,创设了实验课到综合实训课的“渐进式探究性”的教学体系,以期构建一个适合高职高专食品检测类专业的实践课程的关联教学体系,完全意义上实现教学与职业的“零距离”对接,以及高端技能型专门人才培养的目标.“专业表述能力”和“现场管理能力”是高端技能型专门人才应具备的基本专业素质,是实现岗位零距离对接的基本条件,在此首次将其列入学生能力的考评体系,为力争全新人才的培养奠定坚实基础,以推动“中国教育升级”.     

华阴市小麦“3414”试验研究

[目的]为了提出适宜华阴市小麦配方施肥方案.[方法]对小麦“3414”肥效试验结果进行分析,探索氮磷钾不同与小麦产量的关系.[结果]确定适宜华阴市小麦最高产量和最佳产量的施肥模式和目标产量,同时确定单因子肥效效应方程.[结论]该研究可以为华阴市小麦测土配方施肥提供依据.     

超声波在原木内部传播理论研究

超声波技术在木材无损检测中已有广泛的应用,尤其是一些研究表明超声波在原木内部的传播规律对无损检测效果产生重要影响.根据弹性波在固体介质中的传播理论,通过对微小单元体的受力分析,得出弹性动力学运动微分方程,并在此基础上,根据正交各向异性介质的弹性常数,应力与应变之间的相互关系,几何方程（应变和位移的关系）以及超声波传播（无旋波）的方向向量,最终得出以位移表示的运动微分方程;然后利用分离变量法,建立超声波在原木内部传播过程中的位移方程和速度方程.