Aphanomyces astaci presence in Japan: a threat to the endemic and endangered crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus?

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Is it possible to differentiate between environmental and fishery effects on abundance‐biomass variation? A case study of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar

We assessed the potential for simulation and modelling of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) population in the Strait of Gibraltar to discriminate the environmental effects of fishery impacts. A discrete biomass–abundance dynamic model was implemented to obtain a simulated monthly time series of blackspot seabream biomass. On this simulated time series, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were fitted. The best ARIMA fit provided a significant correlation of 0.76 and persistence index higher than 0.85. The proportion of variance non‐explained by the ARIMA models was correlated with a time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The analysis of global, annual and winter correlation between the proportion of variance not explained by the ARIMA models and environmental variables showed that significant associations were not detected over the full time series. Our analysis therefore suggests that overexploitation is the main factor responsible for the commercial depletion of blackspot seabream in the Strait of Gibraltar.     

Effect of different feeds on the growth,survival and reproductive performance of zebrafish,Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)

Present experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different feeds with varying protein levels on the growth, survival and reproductive performance of zebrafish, Danio rerio. The control diet (T1) was wild‐collected zooplankton from local fish ponds, while test diets with 350 g kg^?1 protein (T2), 400 g kg^?1 protein (T3) and 450 g kg^?1 protein (T4) were formulated and fed to fish for a period of 210 days. The significantly (P < 0.05) highest mean weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in T1, which were similar with T3 and T4. The significantly (P < 0.05) highest number of egg production per female and relative fecundity were found in T1, followed by T4 and T3 while T2 produced lowest number of eggs. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed in brood survival rate, fertilization and hatching rate among the dietary treatments. The highest (P < 0.05) fry survival rate was recorded in T1, followed by T3 and T4. Thus, it is suggested that control diet i.e. mixed zooplankton exhibited better growth, reproductive performance and fry survival rate. However, diet containing 400 g kg^?1 crude protein also gave comparable results in terms of growth, survival and reproductive performance of zebrafish.     

Post‐hatching development of the ornamental ‘Red Cherry Shrimp’ Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904) (Crustacea,Caridea, Atyidae) under laboratorial conditions

The ‘Red Cherry shrimp’, Neocaridina davidi is a small freshwater caridean shrimp living, originally, in various kinds of inland water bodies around Asian countries. This shrimp has reached several countries for ornamental use; however, basic information on the biology of the species is still scarce in the literature. Its early post embryonic development morphology has not yet been described. This paper focused on the production and the development of early post‐hatching stages of N. davidi, its male secondary sexual features, observation of the gonads and the presence of females with embryos. The larval development of N. davidi was almost suppressed as noted by the presence of relatively large‐sized eggs, first stage hatching as a decapodid; and the tail fans were present only from the 2nd post‐hatching stage. A biological important consequence of the presence of this Red Cherry shrimp species in the Neotropics is its potential release into nature, which could cause its rapid dispersion affecting populations of other indigenous caridean freshwater shrimps.     

Holding wild Snow crab,Chionoecetes opilio: effects of stocking density and feeding on survival and injury

In this study the effects of different stocking densities on survival, injury and weight of captive male snow crab were examined. The first experiment (I) was carried out in square plastic tanks (700 L) with stocking densities of 100 (L), 150 (M) and 200 kg m^?3 (H) for 30 days. In a second experiment (II) snow crabs were kept at a stocking density of 50 kg m^?3 and were either fed (F) or not fed (S) for the same period of 35 days. The last experiment (III), was carried out with stocking densities of 25 kg m^?3 for 21 days with two groups, one with inactivated claw and one without rubber bands, with three replicates per treatment. In the first experiment mortality (H = 27, M = 26 and L = 36%) and occurrence of injuries (H = 27, M = 20 and L = 16%) were high in all groups. The weight loss during the experimental period was; H = 15.3, M = 10.9 and L = 15.5 g, and was not significant different between the groups. In experiment II the mortality (F = 13% and S = 14%) and injuries were lower (F = 12% and S = 17%). The average weight increased in the fed treatment and decreased in the starved treatments. In the last experiment there was no mortality in any of the groups and the levels of injury were low (5% and 7%). The results show that adult male snow crab cannot be stored at densities equal to or higher than 25 kg m^?3 for 3 weeks without risk of mortality.     

Detection and quantification of Aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissue by real‐time PCR

Furunculosis, a septicaemic infection caused by the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, currently causes problems in Danish seawater rainbow trout production. Detection has mainly been achieved by bacterial culture, but more rapid and sensitive methods are needed. A previously developed real‐time PCR assay targeting the plasmid encoded aopP gene of A. salmonicida was, in parallel with culturing, used for the examination of five organs of 40 fish from Danish freshwater and seawater farms. Real‐time PCR showed overall a higher frequency of positives than culturing (65% of positive fish by real‐time PCR compared to 30% by a culture approach). Also, no real‐time PCR‐negative samples were found positive by culturing. A. salmonicida was detected by real‐time PCR, though not by culturing, in freshwater fish showing no signs of furunculosis, indicating possible presence of carrier fish. In seawater fish examined after an outbreak and antibiotics treatment, real‐time PCR showed the presence of the bacterium in all examined organs (1–482 genomic units mg^?1). With a limit of detection of 40 target copies (1–2 genomic units) per reaction, a high reproducibility and an excellent efficiency, the present real‐time PCR assay provides a sensitive tool for the detection of A. salmonicida.     

不同浓度的牟氏角毛藻对双齿许水蚤生长、存活和生殖的影响

为研究不同浓度的牟氏角毛藻对双齿许水蚤生长、存活和生殖的影响,并构建双齿许水蚤在不同食物浓度下的种群生命表。实验共设5个浓度组(0.5×10~5、3×10~5、6×10~5、12×10~5、17×10~5个/m L),结果显示,食物浓度对双齿许水蚤的幼体生长率、发育时间、存活率及孵化率有显著的影响。当食物浓度为3×10~5~6×10~5个/m L时,双齿许水蚤的发育速率、生长率及孵化率显著高于浓度最低组(0.5×10~5个/m L)和浓度最高组(17×10~5个/m L),其幼体的发育时间为174~192 h,生长率为0.6~0.64μg C/d,孵化率为464.2~608.2个/雌。存活率则随着食物浓度的升高而降低,浓度较低的0.5×10~5、3×10~5、6×10~5个/m L组的存活率均达80%,显著高于12×10~5及17×10~5个/m L组。食物浓度越高,生命周期越短。当食物浓度为3×10~5及6×10~5个/m L时,桡足类的内禀增长率均达0.237/d,比最低浓度组(0.5×10~5个/m L)及最高浓度组(17×10~5个/m L)高出28%~32%。研究表明,食物浓度过高或过低均不利于双齿许水蚤的种群增长,其生长繁殖的最适食物浓度范围为3×10~5~6×10~5个/m L。     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。     

采收期对岳帅苹果采后贮藏品质的影响

以五个采收期的岳帅苹果为试材,研究不同采收期的果实在0℃条件下贮藏98 d期间品质的变化情况。结果表明,随着果实成熟度的增加,淀粉逐渐水解为糖,果实硬度、总酸与VC含量逐渐下降。采收期V(盛花期后159 d)的果实在采收时即接近完熟,品质下降较快,应在采后尽快上市销售;采收期Ⅲ、Ⅳ(盛花期后153～156 d)的果实贮藏后的品质优于其他采收期,适合较长期的贮藏。     

Benefits of using the probiotic Efinol®L during transportation of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz), in the Amazon

The objective of this experiment was to test the probiotic Efinol^®L during transportation of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz). For the transportation, fish were distributed in 18 plastic tanks, of which nine contained the Efinol^®L (10 mg L⁻¹; probiotic treatment) and the remaining had no probiotic (control treatment). Transport lasted 24 h and three different boxes of each treatment were sampled at 3, 12 and 24 h. Up to the 12-h sampling period, no significant difference in the survival was observed; on the other hand, survival was higher at the end of the transport (24 h) in the probiotic treatment. No significant difference was found in dissolved oxygen and temperature between treatments. Conductivity, pH and alkalinity increased along the transport, but without a difference between treatments. Ammonia increased in all treatments, although it was significantly lower in the probiotic group at 24 h. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in all transported fish when compared with the basal values. At 24 h, cortisol levels in control fish were significantly higher than those in the probiotic treatment. With the observed results, we are able to conclude that the probiotic Efinol^®L is efficient during cardinal transport, lowering the mortality and helping maintain water quality possibly by lowering metabolic wastes.