Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Estimation of Crown Temperature of Winter Wheat and the Effect on Simulation of Frost Tolerance

Accurate estimation of winter wheat frost kill in cold‐temperate agricultural regions is limited by lack of data on soil temperature at wheat crown depth, which determines winter survival. We compared the ability of four models of differing complexity to predict observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth during two winter seasons (2013‐14 and 2014‐15) at Ultuna, Sweden, and at 1 cm depth at Ilseng and Ås, Norway. Predicted and observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth was then used in FROSTOL model simulations of the frost tolerance of winter wheat at Ultuna. Compared with the observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth, soil temperature was better predicted by detailed models than simpler models for both seasons at Ultuna. The LT50 (temperature at which 50 % of plants die) predictions from FROSTOL model simulations using input from the most detailed soil temperature model agreed better with LT50 FROSTOL outputs from observed soil temperature than what LT50 FROSTOL predictions using temperature from simpler models did. These results highlight the need for simpler temperature prediction tools to be further improved when used to evaluate winter wheat frost kill.     

东沙窝沙漠区不同造林技术效果分析

通过对东沙窝沙漠区采取提前整地、压沙等方式,选用良种壮苗、蘸泥浆、覆沙、平茬复壮、纯林改混交林等综合技术进行造林试验,结果表明,试验区造林成活率、保存率普遍提高,小气候环境明显改善:植被区风速比旷野区降低了25.8%～32.6%;灌木固沙林在夏季降低气温10℃左右,降低地温6～10℃,冬季地面最高温度提高2～4℃。     

不同埋藏方式及杀菌剂处理对黄土高原3种植物种子存活的影响

为了探讨黄土高原典型草原植物病原真菌如何影响土壤种子存活,采用“种子袋埋藏与取回”的方法,对该地区3种常见植物胡枝子、长芒草和狗尾草种子进行杀菌剂处理、并且以不同方式（单种或者不同种混合）装入尼龙网袋后埋入土壤中,在田间分别埋藏1和3个月后取回种子袋,统计每袋种子的存活情况,并且进行萌发试验,检测种子生活力状况。结果表明：1）长芒草种子的田间发芽率最高,平均约为51.9%,显著高于胡枝子（14.6%）和狗尾草（26.1%）（P<0.05）;随着埋藏时间的增加,3种植物种子发芽率显著增加;然而杀菌剂处理以及不同埋藏方式对种子发芽率没有显著影响。2）胡枝子种子的田间死亡率最低,平均约为1%,长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为5.1%和4.4%;埋藏1个月后,杀菌剂未处理和单种埋藏条件下长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为12.5%和11.0%,显著高于其他处理组合下两种植物种子的死亡率（P<0.05）;胡枝子种子在埋藏1和3个月时,其种子死亡率在不同处理组合之间均无显著差异。3）长芒草种子的室内萌发率最高,平均约为64.3%,显著高于胡枝子（5.9%）和狗尾草（29.2%）（P<0.05）。随着埋藏时间的增加,胡枝子和狗尾草种子的室内萌发率显著下降,而长芒草种子的室内萌发率却显著增加。结果表明,病原真菌对土壤种子存活的影响因植物种而异;较单种埋藏相比,混合埋藏降低了种子的死亡率,可能是由于混合埋藏稀释了病原真菌的效应所致。     

农业机械化与农业国际竞争力的关系研究

参考波特教授对产业国际竞争力的定义,明确提出了农业国际竞争力要具有“更高的农业劳动生产率”要求,将影响农业国际竞争力的因素归纳为竞争能力（内因)和竞争环境(外因)两大方面,并得出农业生产要素状况是影响农业国际竞争力强弱的根本原因的结论。在由传统农业向现代农业发展的历史阶段,机械性的劳动资料(农业机械)又是农业生产要素中影响农业国际竞争力的关键因素,农业机械化水平是形成农业国际竞争力的核心能力,农业机械化水平的高低决定着农业国际竞争力的强弱。提出农业机械化过程是技术进步和新陈代谢过程,对农业机械化投入将产生内生增长的良性循环效应,产生收益递增,从而提高农业的竞争能力。中国应走适应新型工业化道路和有效提高我国农业国际竞争力的新型农业机械化道路,突出多样化、综合性、优质高效性,选择技术进步与发挥劳动资源优势相结合的组合型农业机械化技术路线。     

大宗农产品市场竞争力的影响因素研究——基于对重庆市“两翼”地区的调研

采用结构方程模型分析技术,对影响重庆市大宗农产品市场竞争力的各要素进行了系统分析。结果表明,生态环境对市场竞争力的直接影响不显著;政策扶持、农户因素、生产条件、农业科技、生产能力等因素对农产品市场竞争力有不同程度的影响,体现出了直接和间接的影响,其作用路径和方式也不尽相同。     

我国省级农业科学院的学科竞争力比较研究*

学科竞争力是省级农业科研机构科研实力的重要体现。文章以江浙沪鲁京粤6省农业科学院为研究对象，以SCI论文和中文核心期刊论文为数据源，采用文献计量的方法，对比分析了我国省级农科院的整体优势学科和各自优势学科的竞争力情况。研究发现，省级农科院的学科发展既有普遍相似性，又有各自的特色优势学科，各机构之间的学科竞争力差距较大。该研究为我国省级农科院学科建设提供决策参考。     

高校图书馆核心竞争力研究

介绍图书馆核心竞争力的概念,阐述高校图书馆培育核心竞争力的必要性,并从信息资源建设、人才队伍建设、技术创新、管理创新和图书馆文化建设等方面提出构建高校图书馆核心竞争力的策略。