Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide (8 pp)

Background   Several types of organic polymers with various molecular weights and surface charges are produced for various industrial and agricultural purposes, and recent studies have shown that high molecular weight anionic polymers are the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss. However, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is marketed under various commercial names with variable molecular weight and length according to its chemistry (Barvenik 1994). Consequently, its interactions with soil and efficiency in reducing soil erosion are expected to vary. Moreover, types of PAM other than those recommended for erosion control may also be effective in reducing soil erosion. Objectives   The objective of this research is to test the influence of 9 types of polyacrylamide (PAM) on water infiltration and soil loss of an arid silt loam soil under simulated rainfall conditions. Method  logy. Nine types of organic polymers varied in surface charge, ranging from +20 to –75, and molecular weight ranging from very low to very high were used in this study. Soil plots with dimensions of 60 cm by 120 cm having moderate slope of3 to 5% were constructed in the field and equipped with runoff collection installations. A specific type of PAM was spread on soil plots at a rate of 10 kg/ha. Rainfall was supplied from a drip type rainfall simulator at constant intensity and duration of 80 mm/h and 50 min, respectively. Runoff, infiltration and soil loss were measured for each plot subjected to a specific type of PAM and compared to control plots. Results and Conclusions   Land application of PAMs significantly increased infiltration prior to runoff but had insignificant effect on total infiltration volume and final infiltration rate under the present experimental conditions. Experimental results confirmed that anionic polymers were more effective in reducing soil loss than that of non-ionic or cationic polymers. In fact the cationic, low molecular weight and low surface charge non-ionic PAMs had insignificant effect on soil loss. High molecular weight anionic PAM with 30% surface charge (A-130) was more effective(46% reduction) than those having a high molecular weight and a lower surface charge of 20% (A-110 and A-120) with an aver-age soil loss reduction of 24%. The PAM A-836, described assoil erosion polymer with 20% surface charge and high molecular weight, reduced soil erosion by 41%. Unexpectedly, the anionic PAM with low molecular weight but very high surface charge was also effective in reducing soil loss (47% reduction). Recommendations and Outlook   Land application of PAM improves water infiltration and highly reduces soil erosion thus improving agricultural production. Application of PAM could be the only viable way to improve arid land farming. It seemed that various types of PAMs, other than those specifically produced for erosion protection can be used to combat soil erosion. This means that farmers in poor countries can use any type of PAM that is available to them to improve agricultural production.     

固定态铵的含量及中国某些耕地土壤NH4+的固定能力

Fixed ammonium contents and NH4^ fixation capacities of some representative cultivated solis collected from 16 provinces of China were studied.Results showed that the contents of fixed ammonium in soils ranged from 35 to 573 mg N kg^-1,with an average of 198mg Nkg^-1.The content of fixed ammonium correlated very significantly with mica content for tropical and subtropical soils,whereas this was not the case for soils in the temperate zone.At the end of K-exhausting experiment the fixed ammonium content increased in most soils studied.However,it decreased in smom temperate soils.Generally,fixation of added NH4^ could not be found either before or after K-exhausting experiment for highly weathered soils,including tropical soils and soils derived from granite-gneiss or Quaternary red clays in the subtropic zone,while for most soils in the Yangtze River dalta the NH4^ fixation capacity was rather high and increased significantly in the K-exhausted soils.     

~(134)Cs在茶树上的行为

茶树喷洒~(134)Cs后,~(134)Cs在老茶叶上的残留和新茶叶上的吸收都遵循一级反应动力学模式。~(134)Cs叶面污染后危害性最大,水质污染和土壤污染具有潜在的危害性。茶树对~(134)Cs的富集能力低,K值为0.02;鲜茶叶经制茶加工后,~(134)Cs的损失率达13.3％;茶叶经4次浸泡后,~(134)Cs的总浸出率为83.6％。     

Cl-对土壤中肥料氮、微生物数量和酶活性的影响

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of Cl^- on transformation of fertilizer N,number of microorganisms and enzyme activities in soils.It is indicated that Cl^- did not show significant influence on total number of bacteria,actinomyces and fungi,but significantly reduced the number of nitrosolbacteria, which led to decrease of NO3^- content in the soil.Application of Cl^- to soil could significantly enhance the adtivities of phosphatase and urease in the coastal saline soil and orthic aquisols,In hilly red soil,however,the application of Cl^-1 at the rate of 500-1000mg Cl^- kg^-1 soil significantly decreased the activity of the two enzymes mentioned above.     

Soil conservation policy measures to control wind erosion in northwestern Europe

Wind erosion is not as significant or a widespread problem in Europe as in dryer parts of the world, but it can cause major damage in small areas. The hazard is greatest in the lowlands of northwestern Europe with more than 3 million ha at high-potential wind erosion risk. Crop damage and off-site damage have prompted farmers and policymakers to pay more attention to wind erosion control. A great variety of measures have been developed in the last decades. Most farmers, however, only use measures to protect their high value crops. In existing policies, little attention is paid to the off-site effects and long-term effects of wind erosion. There are no direct policy measures at a European level to control soil erosion, and few measures exist in individual Member States. Agricultural or environmental EC policies offer different policy tools to approach the wind erosion problems related to agricultural practices. Tools like subsidies for the re-afforestation of arable land can help regional policy makers with the implementation of wind erosion control measures. A case study concerning the ‘Code of Good Agricultural Practice’ shows that regional differences result in different control measures that fits best given the physical, social and economic context. The formulation of the practical details of such code should therefore remain a task of the local or regional government. The main objectives of a Code of Good Agricultural Practice could be formulated at national or European level.     

硅锰结合施用对红壤水稻铁毒害的矫正

Based on the fact that Fe toxicity which is usually characterized by leaf oranging and low yield can be obviously subdued by application of Si or Mn due to counteraction.between Fe and Si or Mn.A pot experiment was conducted with four treatments of CK,Si,Mn and Si Mn to further study the effect of combined application of Si and Mn on rice growth on red earths.Water-soluble SI,Fe and Mn were measured.and electron probe was used to study Si,Mn,Fe and Ca in root cross sections.Combined application of Si and Mn could increas water-soluble Si and Mn but reduce water-soluble Fe,thus being favorable for correctiong Fe toxicity.Electron probe study showed obvous differences of Si,Fe,Mn,and Ca in rice roots between CK and the other three treatments.The combined applicatioin of Si and Mn could reduce leaf oranging and improve rice growth.The Si Mn treatment had a higher plant height,lower number of oranging leaves and a 25.0% higher rice yield than CK and showed a better effect on rice growth than the treatment of sole Si or Mn.     

农业物联网技术应用及创新发展策略

农业是物联网技术应用的重点领域之一,也是物联网技术应用需求最迫切、难度最大、集成性特征最明显的领域。该文对农业物联网国内外技术应用现状、存在的问题以及农业领域关键应用环节进行了深入分析,在此基础上提出了农业物联网未来技术发展重点以及对策措施。农业物联网未来技术发展重点:农业物联网信息感知与识别技术,农业物联网自组织网络部署与信息传输技术,农业物联网自组织网络部署与信息传输技术,农业物联网安全监管与服务质量保障技术。农业物联网对策措施:加强农业物联网技术规范研究,加强核心关键技术产品研发,加强农业物联网技术集成平台建设,加强农业物联网产品设备检测,加强农业物联网应用布局,进一步优化和完善政策环境。该研究为中国农业物联网可持续发展提供决策参考。     

氮肥运筹和栽培方式对杂交籼稻II优498结实期群体光合特性的影响

以杂交籼稻II优498为材料, 在温江和汉源两种生态条件下, 研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对宽窄行、三角形、扩行减株稀植和抛秧4种栽培方式水稻结实期群体光合生产的影响。结果表明, 随穗肥施用比例的增加, 结实期冠层透光特性得到改善, 抽穗期茎鞘干重、高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率等群体质量指标得到提高, 抽穗后叶面积指数(LAI)和呼吸占群体光合的相对比例(CR/TCAP)有所降低, 而群体光合速率(CAP)在两地的变化趋势并不一致, 温光条件较差的温江点表现为先升后降, 而温光条件较好的汉源点则呈下降趋势。当氮肥运筹为6∶3∶1时, 宽窄行和三角形栽培有利于改善冠层透光特性和群体质量, CAP升高的同时结实中后期CR/TCAP增幅减小, 群体光合生产能力得到提高;当氮肥运筹比例为5∶2∶3时, 扩行减株稀植栽培透光性能和群体质量的增幅最大, CAP升高的同时CR/TCAP并未增加甚至有所减少, 群体光合生产能力高于其他栽培方式;当氮肥运筹比例为4∶1∶5时, 抛秧栽培在温江点有利于改善群体质量和增加光能截获, 结实中后期CAP显著提高的同时CR/TCAP降低, 群体光合生产优势明显, 但温光条件改善后此优势并无体现。因此, 提高水稻群体光合生产能力需结合当地温光条件并针对栽培方式采用适宜的氮肥管理措施。     

Applicability of Aegilops tauschii drought tolerance traits to breeding of hexaploid wheat

Few genes are available to develop drought-tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. One way to enhance bread wheat’s genetic diversity would be to take advantage of the diversity of wild species by creating synthetic hexaploid wheat (SW) with the genomic constitution of bread wheat. In this study, we compared the expression of traits encoded at different ploidy levels and evaluated the applicability of Aegilops tauschii drought-related traits using 33 Ae. tauschii accessions along with their corresponding SW lines under well-watered and drought conditions. We found wide variation in Ae. tauschii, and even wider variation in the SW lines. Some SW lines were more drought-tolerant than the standard cultivar Cham 6. Aegilops tauschii from some regions gave better performing SW lines. The traits of Ae. tauschii were not significantly correlated with their corresponding SW lines, indicating that the traits expressed in wild diploid relatives of wheat may not predict the traits that will be expressed in SW lines derived from them. We suggest that, regardless of the adaptability and performance of the Ae. tauschii under drought, production of SW could probably result in genotypes with enhanced trait expression due to gene interactions, and that the traits of the synthetic should be evaluated in hexaploid level.     

Surfers of the ocean waves: Change management,intersectoral migration and the economic development of small island states

This paper argues that there is a need to better acknowledge and problematise the manner in which individuals, households, organisations and governments in small island jurisdictions develop mechanisms that allow them to exploit the benefits, and/or minimise the losses, of episodic economic lurches. A ‘strategic flexibility’ approach is proposed to explain how actors practise intersectoral migration: cleverly shifting focus, interest and scope, not just out of necessity (reactively) but in ‘smelling’ promising opportunities (proactively). In a scenario where change is taken as a given, managing and coping with such change become the hallmarks of economic survival: just like surfers handling the ocean swell.