8种野生葱属植物的叶形态特征及其分类学意义研究

【目的】比较8种野生葱属植物的叶形态特征,为其分类学研究和生态适应性机制分析提供依据。【方法】以分布于新疆不同生境的8种野生葱属植物齿丝山韭、实葶葱、新疆蒜、健蒜、多籽蒜、奇台蒜、喀纳斯蒜和乌鲁木齐蒜为研究对象,采用田间观测和树胶制片法,测定其叶片数量、长度、宽度等指标,观察其解剖结构异同;通过相关性分析和聚类分析,研究叶片表皮性状之间的关系以及性状的分类学意义。【结果】8种葱属植物的叶形态和微形态存在差异,实葶葱和齿丝山韭叶直立,其余呈不同程度倒伏;实葶葱叶圆柱形,其余叶均为条形;实葶葱叶表面被蜡粉,其余均为光滑;实葶葱叶表皮细胞矩形,其余均为菱形;实葶葱垂周壁直线型,其余均为弧线形。8种植物叶片均为双面气孔型,气孔椭圆形,保卫细胞肾形,无副卫细胞,保卫细胞不同程度下陷。基于叶表皮结构性状的聚类分析结果显示,供试8种材料分为3类,齿丝山韭和实葶葱分别聚为一类,其余6种聚为一类。【结论】叶形态、表皮细胞形状、垂周壁形状、表皮细胞密度和气孔指数大小可为种的界定提供重要的形态分类学依据,具有分类学意义。叶片上表皮细胞比下表皮细胞可以提供更为全面的微形态特征。新疆8种野生葱属植物的叶片形态和微形态结构均呈现一定的抗旱和抗寒特征。     

水分胁迫对番茄幼苗生理特性的影响

为了探讨番茄苗期生理特性在水分胁迫胁迫下的响应,试验设置充分灌溉的对照(T)和轻度(T1)、中度(T2)、重度(T3)水分胁迫处理.在试验开始的第5,10,15和20 d,测定各处理番茄幼苗的叶绿素荧光参数、气孔特征及抗氧化酶等指标.与对照相比,不同程度水分胁迫条件下,随胁迫程度的增大,各处理番茄幼苗的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭(qP)及电子传递速率(ETR)均有所下降,且由大到小基本表现为T,T1,T2,T3;处理T1,T2和T3的气孔密度、长度及宽度均有所减小,重度水分胁迫条件下,气孔关闭;叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性随着水分胁迫的加重而增加.轻度水分胁迫番茄幼苗各生理指标与对照差异较小,故可在番茄苗期进行50%~60%田间持水量的参考灌溉制度.     

剔除土壤背景的棉花水分胁迫无人机热红外遥感诊断

剔除无人机热红外影像中的土壤背景是提高作物水分诊断精度的有效途径,但也是热红外图像处理的难点问题。本文以不同水分处理的花铃期棉花为研究对象,分别在09:00、13:00和17:00等3个时刻,连续5 d采集无人机高分辨率热红外影像,并采用二值化Ostu算法和Canny边缘检测算法对热红外图像进行掩膜处理,实现对土壤背景的剔除,然后分别计算二值化Ostu算法、Canny边缘检测算法和包含土壤背景下的3种棉花水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI),最后建立不同时刻下3种CWSI与棉花叶片气孔导度Gs的关系模型。研究结果表明,应用Canny边缘检测算法可有效剔除热红外影像中的土壤背景,剔除土壤背景后的温度直方图呈单峰的偏态分布;3种处理方法获得的作物水分胁迫指数CWSI中,Canny边缘检测算法的CWSI最小,二值化Ostu算法的CWSI较高,包含土壤背景的CWSI最大;采用Canny边缘检测算法剔除土壤背景后的CWSI与棉花叶片气孔导度Gs的决定系数R2达到0.84,Ostu算法的结果次之,包含土壤背景的最差。本研究可为无人机热红外遥感监测作物水分状况提供参考。     

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1 (MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence (F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content (leaf RWC), and soil moisture content (SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that g_s and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components (panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition (control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.     

Charcoal production through selective logging leads to degradation of dry woodlands:a case study from Mutomo District,Kenya

Provision of woodfuel is an important ecosystem service of dry forests and woodlands.However,charcoal production through selective logging of preferred hardwood species has the potential to alter the physiognomic composition of the residual or re-growth woodlands and may lead to their deterioration and degradation.This study,conducted through forest inventory in Mutomo District in Kenya,assessed the impact of charcoal production on unprotected dry woodlands in terms of tree density,targeted species basal area,species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity.The parameters of the disturbed woodlands were evaluated for significant differences with those of the neighbouring protected Tsavo East National Park,which served as a reference for an ecologically undisturbed ecosystem.By evaluating a consequence of tree harvesting for charcoal production,this study confirmed the overall significant differences between the protected and unprotected woodlands in all the tested parameters.To confirm if the differences in the land-covers of the woodlands had any influence on their degradation,all mentioned parameters were compared between the four differentiated classes and their respective control plots in the protected areas.At the "land-cover level",the statistically significant difference in the basal area of tree species preferred for charcoal production between the protected and unprotected open trees confirms that the class with a high density of large mature trees is the prime target of charcoal producers.In addition,there seems to be a general trend of lower values of tree species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity for the unprotected woodlands subjected to charcoal production.On the other hand,the disturbed woodlands display the potential to recover through their comparably high saplings density.The findings make an important contribution to the discourse on the impact of charcoal production in dry woodlands,a topic that is highly controversial among researchers.     

黄瓜气孔导度、水力导度的环境响应及其调控蒸腾效应

以营养生长期温室黄瓜为研究对象,通过四元二次正交旋转组合设计,分析稳态流条件下土壤相对含水率、空气温度、空气湿度和光合有效辐射对气孔导度、土壤植物系统总水力导度的影响及其调控蒸腾效应。结果表明,4个环境因子对气孔导度、总水力导度均有正效应,对其影响最大的环境因子分别是空气湿度、空气温度;土壤相对含水率与光合有效辐射、空气温度与空气湿度对气孔导度和总水力导度存在明显的交互作用;空气湿度对气孔导度、总水力导度的单因子效应为开口向上的抛物线函数,其他环境因子的单因子效应皆趋近于线性递增函数;各因子的边际效应分析表明,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要调控途径,除光合有效辐射外,其他因子均可有效调控总水力导度。采用通径分析方法研究了环境因子、气孔导度、总水力导度调控蒸腾效应,结果表明,空气温度、光合有效辐射和气孔导度均主要通过增强总水力导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应,其次是对蒸腾作用的直接正效应;土壤相对含水率主要通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用产生间接正效应;空气湿度的直接影响为负效应,但其主要影响途径为通过增强总水力导度和气孔导度对蒸腾作用的正效应;气孔导度与总水力导度响应环境因子变化并相互作用,协同调控蒸腾作用。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

用西瓜叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数鉴定西瓜染色体倍性

为了寻求简便、快速的西瓜染色体倍性鉴定方法,以二倍体西瓜TS和0517及其同源四倍体为试材,通过观察叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数来鉴定西瓜染色体倍性.结果表明,两倍性间的叶绿体数差异显著.二倍体叶绿体数在15个以下,四倍体叶绿体数大于等于15个;气孔叶绿体数随染色体倍性的增加而增加,用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数预测植株倍性的准确率可达90.2%,因此,用万能荧光显微镜观察叶绿体数可以在苗期快速、准确地确定植株的染色体倍性.     

高粉与低粉木薯品种叶片光合作用日变化及淀粉积累的研究

为了阐明高粉和低粉木薯叶片光合作用及淀粉累积的日变化规律,以高粉木薯品种‘辐选01’和低粉品种‘华南124’苗期叶片为对象,对叶片光合作用的日变化、叶片中的可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖）及总糖、淀粉含量、气孔密度等进行比较研究。结果表明：随着光强的增加,高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合速率较低粉品种‘华南124’高;且‘辐选01’叶片上表皮与下表皮的气孔密度都显著高于‘华南124’;2个木薯品种叶片中蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量在一天中是不断积累、逐渐增加的。在一天当中,木薯叶片中淀粉含量在18:00时达到最高。而高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合作用能力在一天当中与低粉品种‘华南124’存在较大差异,在8:00—14:00之间,‘辐选01’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较‘华南124’高,而在16:00—18:00之间,‘华南124’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较高,这可能与午后温室温度上升引起叶片温度过高,叶绿体活性与Rubisico活性降低、RuBP羧化酶再生能力降低导致了‘辐选01’的光合作用能力比‘华南124’的低。