有机大米加工技术规程

本文根据内蒙古赤峰市翁牛特旗有机大米加工实践及国内外先进经验,总结提出一整套有机大米加工技术规程。包括原料要求,加工厂址、建设要求,加工设备、加工人员、加工方法、质量要求及管理等系列化要求标准,为有机大米加工业建设提供了参考。     

用外翻肠囊法研究高钙条件下有机锰在肉仔鸡小肠中的吸收特点

本试验用外翻肠囊法研究高钙对肉仔鸡不同肠段(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)吸收不同形态锰的影响,以比较有机锰和无机锰在高钙条件下吸收特点的差异。采用单因子完全随机设计,培养液中添加的4种锰源分别为:硫酸锰、弱络合强度的蛋氨酸锰(Mn-MetE)、中等络合强度的氨基酸锰(Mn-AAA)和强络合强度的氨基酸锰(Mn-AAB)。为了扣除内源的影响,设置1个零添加锰水平处理。将40只31日龄AA肉公鸡随机分到以上5个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只鸡,每只鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠分别作为相应肠段外翻肠囊的一个重复。结果表明:1)体外培养回肠肠囊对锰的吸收率显著高于十二指肠(P<0.01);2)回肠肠囊对强络合强度的Mn-AAB中锰的吸收率显著高于硫酸锰或中等络合强度的Mn-AAA(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明:在高钙条件下,络合形态的有机锰在体外培养的肉仔鸡肠囊中的吸收率显著高于无机形态的锰;强络合强度有机锰源中的锰能更强地抵抗小肠内的解离,比弱或中等络合强度的有机锰源更有利于锰的吸收。     

Carbon storage by urban tree cultivars, in roots and above-ground

Urban trees can favorably affect factors underlying global warming by storing carbon and by reducing energy needs for cooling and heating buildings. To estimate carbon stored in roots and above-ground portions of trees, data was collected consisting of whole tree sampling of Amelanchier, Malus, Pyrus, and Syringa cultivars. Roots were excavated using an Air-Spade^™. Regression analysis resulted in two equations for predicting total carbon storage based on height and diameter of trees up to 20 cm dbh: Y = 0.05836 (dbh²) for root carbon storage, and Y = 0.0305 (dbh² × h)^0.9499 for above-ground carbon storage, explaining 97% and 96% of the variation, respectively. Average carbon stored in roots of various cultivars ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 kg for smaller trees, those 3.8 to 6.4 cm dbh, to more than 10.4 kg for trees 14.0 cm to 19.7 cm dbh. Average total carbon stored by cultivars ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 kg for trees less than 6.4 cm dbh to 54.5 kg for trees larger than 14.0 cm. The data from these equations apply mainly to trees in nurseries and recently transplanted trees. Comparisons showed that above-ground estimates from previous studies using a sampling technique overestimated values obtained from actual above-ground weights.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．30～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第二次土壤普查相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳含量占到有机质碳量的53％～70％，平均61％，腐殖酸碳量只占39％。     

Weed:spring barley competition for applied nitrogen in pig slurry

Summary The experiments were carried out in the two spring barley fields of the organic six-course cattle:crop rotation at Foulumgaard, Denmark. The weed density was 300 and 1800 plants m⁻² respectively. Pig slurry was applied by hand in microplots by four methods: broadcasting followed by incorporation, or injected in bands to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm. Spring barley and weeds were sampled separately six times during the tillering and elongation phase of the spring barley. The effect of application method on dry-matter (d.m.) production, nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen in the spring barley and the weeds is reported. Slurry banding halved the weed d.m. and weed N uptake compared with broadcasting, irrespective of weed density. Weeds recovered up to 12% of the applied nitrogen, which made them a significant competitor when the slurry was broadcast and incorporated. Banding by direct injection reduced the slurry:soil contact and the weed:crop competition balance for applied nitrogen moved in favour of the crop. Thus, the crop recovery of applied nitrogen at the end of the sampling period was increased from approximately 45% for broadcast and incorporated to approximately 50% for injected slurry, and coincidental weed recovery was reduced to a maximum of 5%. As the nitrogen supply normally affects plant d.m. production, banding of slurry might well improve crop competitiveness and its tolerance to mechanical weed control.     

Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.     

有效碳数法研究及其在农药气相色谱分析中的应用

有机化合物结构与其所含有的有效碳数有一定的关系，本文给出了２０类结构化合物及其所含有有效碳数的关系，并对理论计算值和实测值进行了比较，结果十分接近，利用有效碳数法可以设计农药分析实验方案和无标样的情况下测定农药杂质含量。     

内蒙河套灌区盐碱低产田建立有机质富积层改土培肥效果

通过连续四年在内蒙古河套灌区低产盐碱地定点、定位试验与定时测土分析，明确了土壤耕层增施有机物料建立有机质富积层，能够改善土壤理化性状，尤其是能降低土壤表层含盐量，提高作物保苗率和显著增加作物产出量。     

酸益(SI)在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用比较

选用杂种仔猪杜×(长×川白)24头,于28±2日龄断奶,以玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂,进行为期30d的饲养试验,研究日粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂-酸益SI、0.1%复合酸化剂FD和降低1.5%乳清粉用量对断奶仔猪生产性能、日粮酸和力及肠道大肠杆菌数的影响.结果表明,添加复合酸化剂-酸益(SI)可明显提高仔猪日增重,改善料肉比,大幅度降低腹泻率,降低乳清粉用量与饲料成本.其料肉比、日增重与使用进口产品FD差异不显著(P＞0.05).