Evaluation of fish-meal free diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg^?1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg^?1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg^?1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg^?1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg^?1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg^?1 SBM + 110 g kg^?1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg^?1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg^?1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg^?1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg^?1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.     

Substitution of fish meal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile marbled spinefoot,Siganus rivulatus

The present work was performed to assess whether soybean meal (SBM) could replace fish meal (FM) as a source of dietary protein in diets of the marine herbivore Siganus rivulatus. Five iso-nitrogenous (40% protein) and iso-energetic (14 MJ/Kg) diets were prepared with SBM replacing fish meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% dietary protein. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 240 juvenile S. rivulatus (initial body mass 1.74 ± 0.03 g). Survival, growth, feed, and protein efficiency and hematological parameters were assessed. Growth correlated negatively with increase in dietary SBM. All production parameters measured were negatively affected at all levels of SBM inclusion. There were no effects on total or differential blood counts, hemoglobin, or plasma protein, but hematocrit values were negatively correlated with SBM addition. Results suggest that total replacement of FM by SBM without adding other supplements is not recommended, even for an herbivorous marine fish such as S. rivulatus.     

Effects of natural feeding stimulants and glutamic acid supplementation on the feed intake,growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed fish meal‐free soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet

Two experiments were conducted for red sea bream (Pagrus major). In experiment 1, the optimum level of glutamic acid and natural feeding stimulants to enhance feed intake were determined and found that glutamic acid level of 0.5% and fish meat hydrolysate (FMH) were effective. In experiment 2, fish were fed with soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet with synthetic feeding stimulants (Basal diet), the Basal diet with FMH (FMH diet), the FMH diet with glutamic acid (FMHG diet) and with fish meal diet (FM diet) as a control until satiation for 8 weeks. Feed intake of FMHG‐fed fish was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). Specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio of FMHG were comparable to those of FM‐fed fish (p > 0.05). Relative visceral fat ratio and crude lipid content of any SPC‐based diet‐fed fish tended to be lower than those of FM diet‐fed fish. There were no significant differences in trypsin and lipase activities hepatopancreas among treatments. SPC can be utilized as a sole protein source in a diet for red sea bream. The lower growth performance in SPC‐based diet‐ fed fish was not due to poor digestive enzyme secretion but could be associated with lipid utilization disorder.     

不同硬脂酸添加量下大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠膜特性研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠复合膜的耐水性,通过添加不同添加量（0、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）硬脂酸制备大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠/硬脂酸三元复合膜,探究硬脂酸对大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠复合膜的机械性能、阻水性能和微观结构的影响,最终明确不同硬脂酸添加量对耐水性变化的影响规律。结果表明：与大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠二元复合膜相比,添加6%和8%硬脂酸后,复合膜的断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率显著下降,并且对其含水率及水溶性也有显著影响。当硬脂酸添加量为8%时,三元复合膜的水蒸气渗透性最低,水蒸气透过系数为（2.95±0.49） g·mm/（m²·h·kPa）,接触角最大,为91.68°±9.02°。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜分析可知,大豆分离蛋白和海藻酸钠通过共价交联形成网络结构,加入的硬脂酸则分布在网络结构的缝隙中,当硬脂酸添加量为8%时,膜的表面较为光滑平整,内部结构致密,能够形成良好的网络结构,键与键之间结合较强,能有效提高复合膜的阻水性能。     

大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠脾脏NGF、IL 2蛋白表达的影响

为了探讨大豆异黄酮（SI）对去卵巢大鼠脾脏中神经生长因子（NGF）、白细胞介素2（IL-2）蛋白表达的影响,本研究在成功建立去卵巢大鼠模型的基础上,对去卵巢大鼠分别隔天皮下注射高（1.5 mg·kg-1）、中（1.0 mg·kg-1）、低（0.5 mg·kg-1 ）剂量的SI,假手术组（仅手术而不去卵巢）和溶媒组（去卵巢）大鼠隔天皮下注射溶媒剂（乙醇）。补充SI至14 d和42 d时,每组随机剖杀5只大鼠,采用免疫组织化学方法,对大鼠脾脏NGF、IL-2蛋白的表达变化进行研究。结果表明,脾脏中广泛分布着NGF、IL-2蛋白,主要分布于被膜下方的红髓区,在白髓分布量极少。去卵巢后,大鼠脾脏中NGF、IL-2蛋白的表达强度和阳性细胞数目均显著下降,而且随着去除卵巢时间的延长下降加剧。体外补充SI后14 d,各剂量组和42 d低、中剂量组仅有部分恢复,变化不显著;补充高剂量SI 42 d后,脾脏NGF、IL-2蛋白的表达强度和阳性细胞数目基本恢复至假手术组的水平。大豆异黄酮能上调NGF、IL-2蛋白在脾脏内的表达,并呈现时间和剂量的依赖性。     

大曲预处理技术对天然酱油风味的影响

[目的]对成熟大曲进行预处理,提升天然酱油的风味。[方法]以正常大曲作为对照组,研究不同闷制时间后对应大曲的酶活及菌体自溶率;再向最佳闷制后的大曲中加入不同浓度的盐水进行发酵考察最适的盐水浓度。[结果]大曲闷制时间越长,其自溶率越高,但大曲酶活会先升高,后降低,最佳闷曲时间是使大曲温度接近40℃,即闷制5~6 h最佳,大曲酶活较对照组高5.5%。将闷制5~6 h的大曲加入不同浓度盐水发酵,盐水浓度越高,天然油氨基酸越低,当盐水的浓度为19.5 Be'时,对应天然油风味最好,且氨基酸提升6.1%。故大曲预处理最佳时间为5~6 h,最适盐水浓度为19.5 Be'。[结论]研究可为提升天然酱油品质提供参考。     

制备工艺对标签胶性能影响的研究

以脱脂大豆粉(SF)为原料制备豆粉标签胶,主要研究了制备工艺(包括液料比、尿素加量、交联剂加量、处理时间和处理温度)对豆粉标签胶黏度、粘接性能和耐水性能的影响,并借助红外光谱对标签胶进行分析与表征。研究结果表明,豆粉标签胶的最佳制备工艺为:m(水):m(SF)为3.0:1.0,尿素加量100%,交联剂加量4.5%(占SF质量),处理温度70℃,处理时间1.0 h。此条件制备的豆粉标签胶黏度为32450mPa.s,粘接力177 N,耐常温水性(20±2)℃≥104h,远高于标签胶行业标准规定的72 h要求。FT-IR分析表明,加入交联剂后,大豆蛋白在波数为1 168 cm~(-1)处产生新特征峰,这可能是该研究豆粉标签胶具有较佳耐水性能原因所在。     

用豆油代替鱼油对虹鳟生长、非特异性免疫和组织酶活性的影响

研究了用豆油代替鱼油对体重为（33．75±0．28）g虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长性能、免疫和组织酶活性的影响。试验共分4个处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放80尾鱼,分别添加18％（质量分数,下同）鱼油（G1组）、6％鱼油＋12％豆油（G2组）、3％鱼油＋15％豆油（G3组）和18％豆油（G4组）。试验期间水温为12．5～16．5℃,溶解氧为7．8～10mg／L,每天饲喂2次,试验共进行8周。结果表明：豆油部分或全部代替鱼油对虹鳟试验末体重、体长、肥满度、特定生长率、饵料系数和日增重未产生显著影响（P〉0．05）,G2组试验末体重、特定生长率、日增重分别较对照组（G1组）提高7．99％、11．85％和13．89％,饵料系数下降12．82％。与G1组相比,G3组鱼血浆和肝脏中碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高（P〈0．05）,肝脏和肾脏中酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高（P〈0．01）;G4组鱼肝脏中溶菌酶活性显著降低（P〈0．05）,G2、G3组也呈下降趋势,但差异不显著;各试验组鱼鳃中丙二醛活性显著（P〈0．05）或极显著降低（P〈0．05）;G3组鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,12;3、G4组鱼肾脏中CAT也显著升高（P〈0．05）。可见,用豆油可以部分代替鱼油用于虹鳟生产,但用豆油完全代替鱼油会影响虹鳟鱼体的免疫力。试验表明,用添加质量分数为6％鱼油＋12％豆油的饲料饲养虹鳟时,虹鳟的生产性能最好。     

米曲霉高产蛋白酶菌株的选育及在酱油酿造中的应用研究

[目的]筛选蛋白酶活力高的菌株酿造酱油.[方法]通过对沪酿3042米曲霉进行紫外线和LiCl复合诱变, 筛选高产蛋白酶突变株,并对其遗传稳定性和产生的蛋白酶性质进行研究,同时将该突变株应用于酱油酿造试验.[结果]通过诱变得到高产蛋白酶突变株米曲霉UF366, 其蛋白酶活力达1 440 U/g,比对照提高了33.3;.UF366菌株的遗传稳定性好,在pH 7.2,40℃时其中性蛋白酶活力最高;在90℃处理30 min,蛋白酶活力完全丧失.[结论]采用UF366米曲霉发酵的酱油氨基酸态氮和全氮分别为0.637和1.14 g/100 mL,与出发菌株沪酿3042米曲霉相比分别提高了36.7;和39.0;.     

大豆蛋白的结构、营养及功能性质的研究进展

简要综述了大豆分离蛋白、大豆伴球蛋白及大豆球蛋白的结构、营养价值及功能等方面的研究进展,对大豆蛋白在食品体系中的广泛应用提供参考。