Growth and Apparent Absorption of Minerals in Broiler Chicks Fed Diets with Low or High Tannin Contents

Sorghum grains with low (0.28 per cent catechin equivalent (%CE) or high (1.36 %CE)) tannin contents were used to study the effect of tannin on growth and on the apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co by chickens. High-tannin sorghum caused a highly significant (p0.01) reduction in the weight gain and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to low-tannin sorghum and increased the feed conversion ratio (p0.01). The amount of tannin did not affect mortality. The apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co was reduced (p0.01) by feeding sorghum grains with a high tannin content.     

四倍体高粱与约翰逊草杂交种饲用品质分析

利用四倍体高粱品系"四沈甜"、不育系"四6A"和约翰逊草,配置"四沈甜"×约翰逊草、"四6A"×约翰逊草和"四6A"×"四沈甜"杂交种,分析了杂交种及杂种分离世代的不同生长阶段的杂种优势及饲草品质。结果表明,在孕穗期各供试材料粗蛋白质含量最高,杂交种蛋白质含量达到10%～15%,随着发育期的推进,含量有所下降。抽穗期,粗脂肪含量达到6.1%～7.9%。各材料的粗纤维含量都在30%以上,不同生长阶段差异不显著。单位能量值在抽穗期最高,达到18MJ/kg左右。综合各营养成分含量和单位能量分析,初步认为四倍体高粱与约翰逊草杂交种可以作为饲草应用,抽穗期为刈割和利用的最佳时期。     

Osmotically Primed Seed and Seedling Reactions to Variations in Day/Night Temperature

The effects of alternating day/night temperatures, varying in maxima and minima but all averaging 30 °C, on germination and seedling characteristics of Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) were investigated. Seeds of sorghum CSV 15 were soaked in 2, 4 or 6 g NaCl l⁻¹ solutions for 2 days at 25 °C, soaked in water for 1 day at 25 °C, or untreated. After treatment, drying and storage, seeds were germinated at 30/30 (day/night), 35/25, 40/20 or 41/19 °C temperature regimes under a polyethylene glycol-induced drought level of −3 bar. Results revealed no advancement of germination percentage but a partial increase in germination speed by osmotic seed treatments. All three osmotic treatments also reduced the plumule/radicle ratio owing to a speculated increase in root over shoot growth. Temperature regimes significantly influenced both germination and seedling characteristics with the optimum temperature appearing to be 35/25 °C. Increasing the temperature amplitude from 30/30 to 35/25 °C increased germination speed, which was reduced by incremental increases in temperature amplitude to 40/20 or 41/19 °C.     

能源用甜高粱辽甜1号选育报告

辽甜1号(L0201A/LTR102)是以自选不育系L0201A为母本,以LTR102为父本组配而成的能源用甜高粱杂交种。该杂交种茎秆产量高,茎秆多糖多汁,含糖锤度高,高抗丝黑穗病、叶病轻、抗倒伏,乙醇转化率高。生育期适中,作为能源作物在有效积温≥2 850℃的地区均可种植。     

喹草酮与莠去津复配防除杂草效果及对高粱的安全性

为明确对羟基丙酮酸双氧化酶抑制剂类新型除草剂喹草酮应用于高粱田的可行性，于2018-2019年在温室和田间测定喹草酮与莠去津复配的除草效果及对高粱的安全性。温室试验结果表明，喹草酮与莠去津复配对狗尾草Setaria viridis和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti均有很好的防除效果，两者按有效成分用量比1：4~1：7配比对狗尾草的GR₅₀在134.40~168.92 g （a.i.）/hm²之间，明显好于喹草酮和莠去津单独施用时的GR₅₀，分别为150.53g （a.i.）/hm²和589.30g （a.i.）/hm²；两者复配对狗尾草的共毒系数在234.80~311.03之间，远大于120.00，显示出明显的增效作用；对苘麻的共毒系数在140.16~168.38之间，也表现出增效作用；对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis也有较好的防除效果；喹草酮与莠去津按有效成分用量比1：5复配的制剂在最高用量3 600g （a.i.）/hm²处理下，3个高粱品种生长均正常，且对高粱和杂草之间的选择性指数远大于6.59，对高粱的安全性高。田间试验结果表明，喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田对高粱安全，且对田间杂草野稷Panicum ruderale、虎尾草Rabdosia eriocalys、稗Echinochloa crus-galli、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenopodium album等均有极好的防除效果，2018-2019年对高粱田杂草的总株防效分别为94.2%和92.8%，鲜重防效分别为95.6%和94.2%，明显高于药剂对照50%异甲·莠去津悬浮剂土壤处理和37%二氯·莠去津悬浮剂茎叶处理的防除效果。表明喹草酮与莠去津复配应用于高粱田防除杂草效果良好。     

A study of the potential of hedgerow intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design

The potential of hedgerow intecrropping with Leucaena leucocephala was explored on vertic Inceptisols over 4 years at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. The study was conducted using a systematic layout involving different alley widths ranging from 1.35 to 4.95 m and with varying distances between hedge and crops. The alleys were cropped with alternate rows of sorghum and pigeonpea. Hedges composed double Leucaena hedgerows 60 cm apart were periodically harvested for fodder. Sole crops of all components and a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop were included in all four replications of the study.Starting in the second year, Leucaena was progressively more competitive to annual crops, causing substantial yield reduction. Competition (primarily for moisture) was most severe in narrow alleys and was greatest on pigeonpea.The growth of Leucaena was not sufficient to compensate for reduced crop yields. Land equivalent ratios (LERs) calculated on the basis of grain yield of crops and Leucaena fodder yields showed that hedgerow intercropping (HI) was advantageous over sole crops only during the first two years using wide alleys, but disadvantegeous in the last two years. LERs calculated on the basis of total dry matter indicated only a small advantage for HI (13–17 percent) over sole crops in wider (>4 m) alleys. Average returns per year from HI exceeded those of the most productive annual crop system (sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping) by 8 percent in 4.05 m alleys, and by 16 percent in 4.95 m alleys. Fodder production during the dry season was 40 percent of the annual total in these alley widths. Thus hedgerow intercropping at 4–5 m alley width is not very attractive for farmers in semi-arid India, which has 600–700 mm of annual rainfall. There is a need to examine the potential of HI in wider alleys. The merits and limitations of the systematic design are discussed.     

An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree-on farmers' fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture, were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth.Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch'at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good. It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.     

中晚熟区主要高粱品种耐瘠性综合评价

【目的】土壤肥力是影响作物生长发育和产量的重要因素。中国人均耕地资源缺乏,全国约有21.95%的耕地生产障碍问题突出,保障中国未来粮食安全不仅要兼顾现有耕地产能提升,同时要高度重视后备耕地资源合理开发利用,因此,在贫瘠的土地上种植耐瘠作物,避免与主要粮食作物生产竞争,对满足粮食需求至关重要。为利用边际土地发展高粱生产,2019年在山西省榆次区比较研究中晚熟区高粱品种耐瘠性差异,筛选耐瘠性强的高粱品种和高粱耐瘠性评价指标,为边际土壤高粱种植品种筛选提供依据。【方法】以23个高粱品种为试验材料,采用大田试验,设置高土壤肥力（对照处理）和低土壤肥力（瘠薄胁迫）2个处理,调查其对高粱产量性状、干物质积累、养分吸收等15个指标影响,计算各指标的耐瘠指数,采用基于主成分分析的隶属函数法与聚类分析评价参试高粱的耐瘠能力,筛选耐瘠品种;利用耐瘠指数和耐瘠综合评价值（D值）,通过回归分析与相关性分析确定高粱耐瘠性鉴定的适宜指标。【结果】瘠薄胁迫下,高粱产量、穗粒数、收获指数（HI）、干物质积累量、抽穗后干物质积累量、抽穗时叶面积指数（LAI）、穗长和穗宽有不同程度降低,降低幅度依次为抽穗后干物质积累量>产量>穗粒数>干物质积累量>LAI>穗宽>HI;籽粒氮、磷、钾累积量和植株氮、磷、钾累积量有不同程度下降,其中,氮累积量对瘠薄胁迫最为敏感。通过主成分分析将15个指标转化成5个综合指标（累计贡献率为89.28%）,计算各参试品种D值,聚类分析后,将23个高粱品种划分为4种类型,其中,耐瘠性强6个（0.633≤D≤0.755）、耐瘠性较强7个（0.467≤D≤0.592）、耐瘠性较弱7个（0.310≤D≤0.421）和耐瘠性弱3个（0.166≤D≤0.246）。不同高粱品种中,冀酿2号、辽杂19、晋杂18、晋杂22、金丰301和晋杂28的D值最高。利用逐步回归分析建立高粱耐瘠评价的最优回归方程,筛选出产量、干物质累积量、植株氮累积量、籽粒磷累积量、籽粒钾累积量和穗宽6个指标对高粱耐瘠能力有显著影响。相关性分析表明,干物质积累量、产量、植株氮累积量、植株磷累积量、籽粒氮累积量和籽粒磷累积量的耐瘠指数与D值的相关性较高,其相关系数分别达到0.845、0.836、0.766、0.778、0.761和0.757。【结论】在瘠薄胁迫条件下,不同高粱品种耐瘠性存在遗传差异,冀酿2号、辽杂19、晋杂18、晋杂22、金丰301和晋杂28为耐瘠性强的品种。产量、干物质累积量、植株氮累积量和籽粒磷累积量可用于高粱耐瘠能力的快速评价。     

微生物菌剂对土壤酶活性及高粱生长的影响

为揭示微生物菌肥施用对盐碱地的改良效果,将有机废弃物资源有效再利用,研究微生物菌剂对高粱不同生育期土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性的变化及对高粱生长的影响。结果表明:施用微生物菌肥的各处理均能提高土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶的活性,以T5、T6对脲酶的影响最大。在高粱生长苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤中的脲酶活性较高,分别为1.441、1.495、1.407和1.379 mg·g^-1·d^-1,明显高于其他各处理。各处理对高粱拔节期土壤脲酶的影响效果为T5＞T6＞T1＞T4＞T2＞T3＞CK,各处理对高粱不同生长发育期脲酶活性影响大小为拔节期＞抽穗期＞苗期＞成熟期,这说明适宜微生物菌剂可以显著提高土壤蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性,有效改善土壤的肥力状况,从而提高作物对土壤中氮素的利用。随着生育期的推进,土壤磷酸酶活性呈现先降后升趋势。T5各生育时期土壤磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各处理,T6次之。表现突出的T5、T6所用两个菌株是前期筛选出的耐盐菌株,可以改善盐碱地理化性状,为盐碱地改良奠定理论基础。     

青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛效果研究

[目的]饲喂青贮甜高粱与玉米秸秆对肉牛增重的效果研究,选择11月龄、体重280Kg 的西门塔尔公牛20头进行饲喂效果对比试验。[结果]显示：对照组、试验组平均每头日增重为0.98 kg、1.45 kg。试验组比对照组平均日多增重0.47 kg,提高47.96%;净收益每头每天比对照组多9.78元。[结论]表明：青贮甜高粱饲喂育肥肉牛增重效果明显,经济效益较好。