低压热水锅炉修复工艺

分析了低压热水锅炉锅筒变形的原因,通过采用镶补焊接等措施使修复后的锅炉各项技术指标达到国家标准,满足了使用要求。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

Effects of a plastic cover on soil moisture change in a Mediterranean climatic regime

Water deficit is a serious problem for most agricultural crops, especially in arid–semiarid regions, and limits sustainable development. Production can be improved by reducing evapotranspiration and loss of infiltrated water by the use of a plastic cover. We monitored soil moisture fortnightly over 1 yr using a neutron probe near four trees in an olive grove (Olea europaea, var. Arbequina), two of which had a plastic cover buried in the topsoil around them. These trees were monitored using three neutron probe access tubes per tree to compare the behaviour of soil moisture over time with two other identically instrumented and nearby trees with no cover. Analysis was based on the resultant moisture profiles. The plastic cover retained moisture and increased soil water residence time. During the dry season, the amount of water retained in the plots was at most 15–20% greater in the mid‐season and at least 5–6% greater at the end of season than in the central part of the plots near the trunk. The plastic cover was effective to ca. 50 cm with maximum water content near the soil surface. During the wet season, the cover did not affect soil water. Soil moisture was greater near the tree trunk as a result of stemflow and throughfall.     

论农村饮水安全工程的建后管理

从农村饮水安全工程建后管理的重要性出发,分析农村饮水安全工程的类型和特点以及我国目前农村饮水安全工程建后管理中存在的问题,针对问题提出加强农村饮水安全工程建后管理的策略方法.     

广西富川纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和植株叶片营养状况研究与评价

对广西富川县60个纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和叶片样品进行营养成分检测分析。结果表明，所调查纽荷尔脐橙园土壤偏酸，土壤有机质、有效钾、有效锌、交换性钙含量较高；碱解氮、有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量中等；交换性镁、有效锰和有效硼含量较低。脐橙叶片中磷、钾和铁含量大部分处于高量水平，少量处于适量范围，但是铜和锌的含量多数处于低量水平。纽荷尔脐橙园土壤pH值与交换性镁呈极显著正相关性，与有效钾呈极显著负相关，土壤有机质与有效锌呈极显著正相关。土壤交换性钙与叶片钙含量呈显著正相关、交换性镁与叶片镁的含量呈显著正相关，土壤交换性钙、镁与叶片锰含量呈极显著负相关，土壤酸度和土壤中营养元素的有效含量对树体营养元素的吸收和营养水平有较大影响，各个果园的氮、磷、钾肥施用极其不均，大部分果园钾肥施用过量。本研究对指导富川县纽荷尔脐橙园配方施肥和营养调节具有重大意义。     

某生活饮用地下水源处理工程设计方案

地下水具有水质较好、水温稳定、出水水质的特点,是生活饮用水的首选水源。同时,地下水易于对水源地进行卫生防护,防止可能对水源造成的污染。本项目是北方城镇生活供水工程,采用地下水源,水源水质含铁、锰较高,因此需经除铁、锰后达到生活饮用水标准再供居民饮用。     

不同氮磷配比对旱作土壤养分和油葵产量的影响

采用调查分析、田间试验等方法,研究了旱作土壤条件下油用向日葵氮磷肥的吸肥特性和对氮磷肥的吸收规律。结果表明:不同厚度(0～20cm)和(20～40cm)的土壤对养分的吸收呈现动态的变化特点,施氮270.0kg/hm2时吸收氮素分别为47.5和35.7mg/kg,相差24.8%;油葵产量为2 604.0kg/hm2,施磷100.05kg/hm2时吸收磷素分别为28.4和21.5mg/kg,相差24.2%,油葵产量为3 199.5kg/hm2。     

Water and Energy Consumption by Agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region

Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socio- economic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO 2 e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.     

General Nexus Between Water and Electricity Use and Its Implication for Urban Agricultural Sustainability:A Case Study of Shenzhen, South China

Although water and energy resources are well-recognized concerns regarding economic and social development sustainability, little specific research has focused on both water and energy problems at the same time. This study analyzed the water and electricity-use patterns in Shenzhen, South China during 2001-2009. A curve regression method was used to examine the relationship between water and electricity use per gross domestic product (GDP) in Shenzhen and its three sectors, i.e., agriculture, industry & construction, and residential life & services. Results showed that agriculture only covered less than 10% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, while industry & construction and residential life & services accounted for more than 90% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, which coincided with the city’s industrial structure. The water and electricity use per GDP in agriculture was the biggest among three sectors in Shenzhen during 2001-2009, which means inefficiency of water and electricity use in agriculture. Due to transitioning to advanced materials and manufacturing, both water and electricity use per GDP in industry & construction decreased during 2001-2009 and their utilization efficiencies gradually increased over time. The same held true for those in residential life & services transformed toward modern business, creative culture, finance services, etc. Derived from the survival of the fittest in competing for limited water and electricity resources, agriculture in Shenzhen has been gradually substituted by industry & construction and residential life & services, with much higher efficiencies of water and electricity use. And traditional agriculture will not be sustainable in the process of urbanization and industrialization, except high-tech intensive agriculture with low water and energy cost. Furthermore, by means of curve regression, we found that there was a significant quadratic relationship between water use per GDP and electricity use per GDP in the entire city and its three sectors. Suitable industrial transformation and advancement was a very effective way to save water and energy for modern cities. This can provide some reference for systematic planning and design of water and electricity allocation and use in agriculture, industry & construction and residential life & services in a city.     

基于土壤液化原理的荸荠采收船的研究

荸荠的生长环境特殊，收获仍旧采用传统手工挖掘，劳动效率低，劳动强度大，难以挖净，而薯类收获机械又难以适应水田荸荠的收获，通过对荸荠生长地的土壤成分分析，基于土壤液化原理，搭建了小型实验平台，对荸荠挖掘机理进行了试验模拟。提出了一套适用于水田作物荸荠机械挖掘、筛分的流程，并对挖掘原理进行了实验探究。根据实验数据分析，获得了影响荸荠收获的主要因素。研究表明利用土壤液化原理可以使砂壤土液化，为该原理用于荸荠采收提供依据，为荸荠挖掘机样机的试制提供设计参考。