不同覆盖措施对减少枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响

针对黄土丘陵半干旱区林地土壤干化缺水严重的现象,利用2012-2015年3种覆盖措施下土壤水分定位实测数据,探讨和分析全年覆盖措施对枣林休眠期土壤水分损失的影响。结果表明:休眠期是枣林地土壤水分损失的重要时期,无覆盖枣林地土壤水分损失85.64~92.34 mm,是同期降雨量的2.12倍。当地枣林地土壤水分损失的土层深度基本在0~200 cm范围。在0~200 cm范围土壤垂直剖面上,休眠期3种覆盖措施下土壤水分损失均呈现随深度增加而均匀减少的规律。休眠期0~200 cm土层秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和石子覆盖土壤水分总损失量分别较裸地减少38.32、50.56、40.48 mm。覆盖措施可以促进休眠期土壤水分向深层运移。     

晋西黄土区幼龄苹果+花生间作地土壤水分的时空分布特征

选取晋西黄土区具有典型代表性的幼龄苹果(Malus pumila)+花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作地作为研究对象,在花生生长季的不同时间对苹果+花生间作地和对照花生单作地的土壤水分进行定位监测,研究苹果+花生间作系统间作界面上土壤水分的时空分布特征和水分效应,及其对花生生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明:1)间作地土壤平均水分含量生长季逐月变化显著,水分耗用最大的时间为7月;2)在垂直方向上,土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加,在水平方向上,土壤含水量最低值出现在距离果树行最近的区域,并随着与树行距离的增加而增加;3)间作地种间土壤水分耗用量最大的区域为靠近苹果树的表层土壤;4)在当前树龄下,苹果+花生间作系统相对于花生单作土壤水分在整体上表现为负效应,对花生的产量产生了不利的影响,并限制了果农间作系统生态效益和经济效益的进一步提高。建议采取适当的调控和管理措施缓解种间水分竞争并提高花生的产量。     

整地时期对土壤物理性质及苹果幼树的影响

为了提高陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苹果幼树的栽植成活率和保存率,对3个穴状整地时期的土壤物理性状及苹果幼树生长状况进行了监测研究.结果表明,穴状整地后土壤容重降低,土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度提高.雨季前穴状整地提高了春季和幼树生长前期的土壤水分,减小了土壤日温差,提高了苗木成活率,促进了树体生长.但雨季后和春季穴状整地降低了春季和幼树生长前期的土壤水分,加大了土壤日温差,降低了苗木成活率,削弱了树体生长,并且加深了定植当年的地面塌陷深度,降低了苹果幼树冬春季的枝条含水量,提高了枝条抽条指数,降低了苗木保存率.陕北丘陵沟壑区栽植苹果时应该在雨季前穴状整地.     

Evergreen broad-leaved forest improves soil water status compared with tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened.     

A seasonal behavior of surface soil moisture condition in a reclaimed tropical peatland

Soil moisture condition is essential to regulate the release of soil carbon from a drained peatland since aerobic microbial activities can be encouraged through oxygen supply associated with dewatering the soil layer while they may be discouraged under too dry conditions. Aiming to characterize the soil moisture condition in a reclaimed tropical peatland, we monitored the volumetric water content at 5?cm depth (θ _5?cm), groundwater level (GWL) and rainfall for 20 months from March 2010 to November 2011 in an oil palm field in Nakhon-Si-Thammarat, Thailand. We also measured the soil water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k) for a series of matric potential (h) to simulate the moisture condition monitored in the field by using the Buckingham-Darcy's flux law. During the dry season in 2010, the θ _5?cm consistently stayed lower than 0.35?m³?m^–3 with the GWL lower than a depth of 30?cm. In the transition from the dry season to the rainy season in 2010, the GWL rose to the land surface with peaks and dips across the time for about one month with the θ _5?cm increasing toward saturation. During the rainy season where the GWL stayed near or above the land surface, the θ _5?cm remained the field-saturated value of 0.58?m³?m^–3 on average, less than the laboratory-saturated value of 0.63?m³?m^–3, suggesting the development of a significant amount of entrapped air-phase. Hysteretic behavior in the measured θ _5?cm–GWL relation also supported that the top soil layer refuses to absorb water in wetting processes. The simulated θ _5?cm based on the measured k(h) and soil water retention curves demonstrated that the ease with which the top soil dries during a dry season was due mainly to the low k(h) value in the dried condition, while the slope of the θ(h) curve was so moderate that the soil layer could retain moisture for maintaining liquid water supply to the surface from the dropped GWL. Sensitivity analyses while varying the magnitude of both k(h) and evaporation rate (E) suggested that the k(h) function was more deterministic than the value of E in making the land surface easily dried. As the GWL stayed lower than 30?cm in depth for a total of 187 days out of the year monitored, while surface-ponding conditions took place for 120 days of the year, it was concluded that either the extremely dried condition or the saturated-moisture condition had dominantly occurred in the study site through a year and, thus, there may only be a limited time when soil organic matter near the land surface is in favorable moisture conditions for aerobic decomposition.     

西班牙东南部旱作橄榄树果园水土保持措施: 植物带对土壤水分的动态影响

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual) trees under: 1) non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width (BS); 2) non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width (NVS); and 3) non-tillage without plant strips (NT). The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron (Granada, south-eastern Spain), on a 30% slope, were 192 m² in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm). The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 140.0 mm year^-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.     

The form of the calibration curve of a neutron moisture meter near the soil surface

Abstract

A considerable increase in accuracy of soil moisture determinations near the soil surface was possible with the depth probe of a neutron moisture meter when quadratic calibration curves were used     

陕西省延川县孙家塬经济林土壤水分和水分平衡

对陕西省延川县孙家塬枣树林和苹果林4m深度土层水分的变化进行了研究,并对土壤水分有效性、土壤干层及其水循环等方面进行了分析。结果表明,枣树林地含水量平均为10.6%,还有4.5%的土壤水资源可以利用。苹果林地4m深度范围内平均含水量为7.4%,2.0—4.0m深度范围内土壤水资源基本耗尽。苹果林地土壤含水量自上向下呈现高—低—高分层变化特点,枣树林地土壤水分剖面垂向分层不明显。枣树林地和苹果林地土壤水分基本都呈难效水状态,但枣树林土壤水分接近中效水,土壤水分对苹果林生长具有严重的抑制作用,对枣树林的生长基本没有抑制作用。枣树林地2.0—4.0m深度范围仅有轻度干层发育,苹果林地土层2.0—4.0m深度范围有轻度干层、中度干层和重度干层发育。苹果林地和枣树林地土壤干层切断了深层水分与上层的联系。水循环主要表现为地表水循环,基本不存在地下水循环,形成了土壤—植物—大气的水分循环模式,属于异常水分循环类型。干层长期发展会导致该区地下水位的持续下降和地下水资源减少。该区土壤水分条件更适于发展枣树经济林。     

Subsoil water available in suction and poor in amount under continuous grassland use

Soil water storage in grassland is critical to regulate herbage yield while it may be threatened by continuous land use without plowing because of the progress of soil compaction associated with worsening soil hydraulic properties. This study aimed at contrasting the quantity and the availability of soil water in a meadow which had not been renovated for 13 years. We monitored matric potentials and mass soil water contents to 100 cm depth from autumn to winter in which plant transpiration was dormant. Soil water capacities were determined with soil water characteristics. The measurements were made in both a harvesting area in which agricultural vehicles had been operated, and a tree cover area which had experienced almost no vehicle loads. The soil layer in the tree cover area had a larger capacity for readily available moisture than that in the harvesting area. The matric potentials in the tree cover area varied in time between 0 and -1000 cm regardless of depth while those in the harvesting area were rather steady. These suggested better pore water continuity in the tree cover area. In the subsoil layers in both the harvesting and the tree cover areas, the soil water contents in terms of actually stored water did not reach as high a level as those expected from the soil moisture characteristics of the matric potential of -1000 cm. On the other hand, the measured matric potentials were consistently readily available for plants during the entire period of measurement. The apparent discrepancy between the matric potentials in readily available vs. actually stored water implied that the subsoil layers had become drier than observed during the study period, and that soil water hysteresis had prevented the full recovery of the water storage.     

Plastic film mulching on soil water and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a ridge cultivation system on Loess Plateau of China

Plastic film mulching has commonly been used for adaptation to water scarcity and for increasing agricultural productivity on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. However, the effect of plastic film mulching on cropland soil water and thermal regimes on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study simultaneously monitored the dynamics of the soil water content and the soil temperature with high resolution in a ridge cultivation system with plastic film mulching (RS) and a flat cultivation system without plastic film mulching (FS) during the maize (Zea mays L.)-growing season. We found that, in general, the soil temperature and soil water content were significantly different among the ridge under RS (RS-ridge), the furrow under RS (RS-furrow) and FS throughout the maize-growing season (P < 0.05). Plastic film mulching increased the near-surface soil temperature by approximately 1°C throughout the study period. RS significantly increased the soil water content during the dry period (May to June), especially within the middle soil layer (30–60 cm), compared to FS. The lowest monthly average soil water content was found at a depth of 30–60 cm layer in FS during the dry period (May and June). The water depletion was found within deeper (100–160 cm) soil layers in May but the water storage in the same layer of FS in June increased although it was the dry period, which differed from RS. The RS practices showed a longer period of water supply from the deeper soil layer (100–160 cm) in May and June for meeting maize water demands during the early growing stage rather than in only May for FS. During June (dry period), the water storage at a depth of 0–60 cm was greater in RS than in FS, and the reverse was true at a depth of 60–160 cm. The results indicate that the dry soil layer at a depth of 30–60 cm formed during June in FS likely reduced water movement from deeper layers to the topsoil layer, and hence constrained the availability of surface soil water for meeting maize water requirements during the early growing stage (dry period). Our study suggests that RS tends to significantly increase surface soil water availability by restraining the formation of a dry soil layer during the early maize-growth stage primarily under dry conditions, and thus enhances maize productivity in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.     

晋西黄土丘陵区坡面刺槐林地土壤水分研究

 为研究晋西黄土丘陵区刺槐林分土壤水分状况,通过2年的定位观测,标定了该地区刺槐林分土壤水分特征曲线,探讨了刺槐林分土壤水分的空间变化规律及其影响因子。结果表明:刺槐林分利用土壤水分范围较广,其林分可以栽植在峁顶、阳坡及半阳坡等处;12年刺槐林分密度低于2250株/hm²时,林地土壤水分可以在生长季末得到补充,而超过2250株/hm²时,林地土壤水分得不到补充,林分在翌年的部分月份处于水分亏缺状况,限制了林木的生长;月降水量、蒸发量是影响林地土壤水分的主要气象因子,郁闭度、胸径、林分生产量等因子是影响刺槐林分土壤水分的植被因素。     

Effects of the Establishment of a Forested Riparian Buffer and Grazing on Soil Characteristics

Poultry-litter applications to pastures can result in relatively high soil phosphorus (P) levels, which in turn can contaminate runoff and degrade surface water quality. New management protocols for temperate grasslands are needed to reduce the risk of P transport to surface water. The effects of three land-use treatments on soil characteristics related to P runoff were investigated using small watersheds with 8% slope near Booneville, Arkansas, U.S. The land use treatments were (1) haying of bermudagrass overseeded with winter annual forage (ryegrass or rye), (2) rotationally grazed, and (3) rotationally grazed with 12-m-wide tree buffer on the downhill portion of the plot. Plots and trees were established in 2003. Annual spring application of poultry litter (5.6 Mg ha^?1) to the hayed or grazed portions of the plots was started in 2004. Grazing treatments were imposed shortly thereafter. By the summer of 2008 (4 years of treatments), soil concentrations of Bray 1–extractable P and soluble reactive P had increased significantly from approximately 40 and 4 mg P kg^?1 soil, respectively, to more than 200 and 30 mg P kg^?1 soil, respectively, in the areas of the plots receiving poultry litter. Soil bulk density in the portions of the plots being grazed had increased significantly also. The soil collected from the forested riparian buffer in 2008 had similar soil bulk densities and Bray 1–extractable P concentrations as the plots did in 2003 before treatments were imposed.     

Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.     

梯田玉米土壤水分动态研究

依据田间试验资料，对梯田玉米土壤水分动态特征进行了研究。并以谷子和休闲地作为对比，对不同植被覆盖条件下的梯田土壤水分差异进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）雨季降水对玉米地土壤水分的补给起着重要的作用，其土壤贮水量动态与年内的降雨周期相吻合；（2）不同植被覆盖条件对梯田土壤水分状况影响较大，玉米、谷子全生育期的农田蒸散量分别为502．9mm和473．9mm，同期对照休闲地的蒸散量仅为414．1mm；（3）玉米全生育期ET／E0（农田蒸散量／同期水面蒸发量）的比值为0．77，并且在拔节期和抽雄期都大于1，而谷子全生育期该值为0．69。     

干热河谷冲沟沟床土壤水分时空分异特征

为探究干热河谷冲沟沟床土壤水分时空分异特征,选取了元谋干热河谷1条典型冲沟,对其不同分段(沟头、上游、中游、下游)下10,20,30,40,60,100 cm土层的土壤水分开展定位监测。结果表明：(1)沟床不同分段各土层(除100 cm土层外)含水量整体变化趋势一致,均表现为明显的干湿季特征;湿季(5—10月)土壤水分相对较高(7.64%～28.91%),受降雨影响大;干季(11—次年4月)则长期处于较低水平(6.11%～11.97%)。(2)沟床土壤水分从沟头至下游沿程变化在干湿季有明显差异,湿季表现为先减小后增加,下游(17.36%)显著高于沟头(15.46%)和上游(12.19%);干季则是先减小后增加再减小,沟头(10.64%)显著高于上游(6.74%)和下游(9.10%)。不同土层深度上,浅层(10—20 cm)和深层(60—100 cm)土壤水分含量在干湿季均较高,水分最小值出现在30—60 cm土层,其中干季30 cm土层水分亏缺严重。(3)沟床土壤水分最高日期通常出现在7日内累积降雨达76.1 mm以上的年最大降雨月当月;最低日期通常出现在持续无降雨条件下,如干季末期,...     

太行山山前坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的时空变异特征

以济源试区坡耕地、苹果园、果农复合系统、退耕还林地、刺槐林地5个邻接农林模式为研究对象,用时域反射仪(TDR)测定坡面不同农林模式雨季前、雨季中和雨季后表层土壤(0-30 cm)含水量,分析表层土壤水分分布特征及其时空变异特征。结果表明:由于受不同坡位、不同植被类型的影响,土壤表层含水量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增加;雨季前后土壤表层含水量的半方差理论函数均呈球状模型,块金值变化并不明显,其值分别为0.25和0.30,独立间距分别为99.7 m和87.6 m,土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,存在很好的分形特征,分形维数分别为1.71和1.74,变异均主要是由空间自相关部分引起。雨季中土壤表层含水量的半方差函数呈直线模型,土壤水分空间变异表现出随距离增加而增加,分形维数为1.40。     

酥梨果实发育期土壤水分调控方法及其对果实品质的影响

以45年生酥梨树为试材,分析测定塑料薄膜覆盖、树盘覆草、自然生草、定期灌水、清耕等不同土壤水分管理措施对土壤水分和酥梨品质的影响,结果表明：塑料薄膜覆盖和树盘覆草处理中,土壤含水率比较适宜,且变幅较小,有利于果实生长发育和提早着色,提早成熟,产量和品质较好;其它处理中土壤含水率要么过高,要么过低,且变幅较大,酥梨的果实品质也比较差.因此,在黄河故道区无公害酥梨生产中,建议采取塑料薄膜覆盖和树盘覆草方法,此方法操作简单,便于实施.     

Impact of direct drilling and conventional tillage on seasonal changes of soil water content in Chromic Haploxerert (south-west Spain)

A continuous monitoring of spatial and temporal variability of soil water content was studied under two soil management systems: direct drilling (DD) and conventional tillage (CT), during four consecutive seasons. The soil water content was read at different soil depths using multisensor capacitance probes in each soil-management treatment. During the first season (2003–2004), soil water content dynamics for both treatments were similar during the rainy season, although the DD plot was able to retain more water in the soil profile, and during the maximum evapotranspirative period faster soil water depletion took place in the CT plot. The 2004–2005 season registered a high evapotranspiration rate (1741 mm) with low rainfall (228 mm), promoting a low soil water recharge for both treatments. The 2005–2006 season registered an increase in rainfall, promoting a greater recovery of the soil water reserve in DD than CC plot. Finally, during the 2006–2007 season with an evapotranspiration rate ET₀ and rainfall of 1504 and 560 mm, respectively, DD retained more soil water content, mainly in the deeper zones, with progressive soil water depletion during the maximum evapotranspirative period in comparison to CT. Thus, DD was demonstrated to be a promising soil management technique for improving the soil water content.     

免耕对黑土春夏季节温度和水分的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究免耕与常规耕作对东北黑土区玉米和大豆生长早期土壤温度和水分的影响。研究结果表明:播种前,由于免耕与常规耕作(秋翻)覆盖率和含水量不同,免耕处理的玉米和大豆小区土壤的白天5cm地温均低于常规耕作处理,夜间差异不大;相同深度的玉米和大豆秋翻处理土壤日平均温度分别比免耕高0. 7℃和0. 5℃;随土壤深度的增加,土壤温度的差异逐渐减小。播种后,除了下午免耕5cm地温略低于秋翻外,下午至夜间免耕的10cm和15cm地温,均略高于秋翻的土壤温度。这是由于免耕下土壤水分增高引起的土壤热容量加大,从而缓解夜间降温和寒流影响,减缓土壤温度下降的结果。播种前,免耕处理的玉米和大豆地土壤水分分别比秋翻处理高2. 4%和1. 8%。播种后的一个月期间,免耕大豆土壤含水量比秋翻高2. 3%。初步的研究结果表明,免耕可以在一定程度上缓解春季黑土墒情不好的问题,这对保证出苗和幼苗的健康生长非常重要。     

太湖地区水稻土长期不同施肥条件下油菜季土壤呼吸CO2排放

利用长期定位试验研究了太湖地区不同施肥处理下油菜生长期间水稻土CO2排放通量,耕作方式为水稻-油菜轮作,并对CO2排放通量和土壤（5cm）温度、土壤水分含量进行了回归模拟。结果表明,不同施肥处理平均土壤呼吸CO2排放速率在49．37～85．97CO2-Cmg·m^-2·h^-1之间,与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了土壤呼吸CO2排放速率,且在油菜的两个生育期,施肥对土壤呼吸释放CO2的促进作用,花角期显著高于角果发育成熟期。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸CO2排放强度与土壤水分、土壤温度有显著的正相关关系。通过计算Q10,无肥处理（NF）较其他肥料处理（CF、CFM、CFS）对土壤温度有更大的敏感性。