In vitro conservation of tropical plant germplasm — a review

Summary In vitro medium term conservation of tropical plant germplasm is used routinely in many laboratories. Growth reduction is achieved by modifying various parameters, such as temperature, culture medium, gaseous environment. For long term conservation, cryopreservation (i.e. storage in liquid nitrogen, –196°C) is the only current method available. Each successive step of the process requires precise conditions which have to be defined for each material. Cryopreservation protocols have been set up for more than 40 tropical species. Results obtained with various culture systems such as cell suspensions, protoplasts, calluses, meristems and embryos are discussed. The first example of the large scale application of cryopreservation (oil palm somatic embryos) is presented.     

Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici,and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR

Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.     

Inheritance of slow rusting to stem rust in wheat

Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F₅ progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F₅ progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.Contribution No. 9624 from the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.     

Shunt Active Power Filiter for Harmonic Compensation in DC Side of HVDC Transmission System

A shunt active power filiter(APF) used for harmonic treatment isintroduced in this paper. Basic circuit-theory and main configuration are analyzed. Control scheme and its realization are discussed. Computer simulation is used to verity theoretical analysis. It shows that APF is an interesting alternative for hasmonic treatment compared with conventional passive filter.     

Effect of Filter on Exit-age Distribution Function

Exit-age experiments have been carried out on the same reactor with and without filter. The effects of filter on exit-age distribution function have been studied. The specific formula of exit-age distribution function for the reactor with filter is: E(t)=f_1E_1(t)+(1-f_1)E_2(t)+E_3(t). In this formula,E_3(t) is a factor considering the filter effect on reactor.     

Application of Triticum monococcum for the improvement of triticale resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the leaf rust resistance introduced into introgressive triticale lines with Triticum monococcum genes, and to study the expression of these genes at the hexaploid level. The introgressive lines were developed by incorporating diploid wheat (T. monococcum s.s.) genes into hexaploid triticale LT 522/6 using the synthetic allotetraploid T. monococcum/Secale cereale (A^mA^mRR) as a bridging form. A group of 44 those lines, parental stocks and check cultivars were inoculated at the seedling stage (in a greenhouse) and at the adult‐plant stage (in the field) with four pathotypes of Puccinia triticina. At the seedling stage the assessment of infection type showed that four lines had resistance to all pathotypes as high as in the T. monococcum donor. Adult plant examinations showed some introgressive lines with complete resistance and also lines with partial resistance, expressed in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculations as slow rusting. Some lines comprise low AUDPC with complete resistance at seedling stage.     

施用不同缓释肥料对春小麦产量的影响

通过对Triabon和Field两种缓释肥料的试验研究,结果表明:缓释肥料具有良好的养分缓释效果,肥效期均可达到100d,但Triabon缓释效果优于国产的Field。施用缓释肥料Triabon600kg/hm2,春小麦单产7083kg/hm2,比对照增产42 5%,且穗粒数、千粒重均较对照增加明显,Field次之。施用缓释肥料的籽实、茎叶N、P、K携出量分别比等NPK养分混配肥料S提高了2 4%～14 8%,5 6%～21 2%,8 0%～11 3%。缓释肥料的N利用率达到37 2%～60 9%,P利用率24 7%～40 3%,K利用率71 3%～81 9%,减少了肥料损失。     

畜禽粪便堆肥养分释放及其合理施用

本文采用室内培养法和田间埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了粉状畜禽粪便堆肥和颗粒堆肥的养分释放。结果表明,粉状堆肥经颗粒化处理后,养分释放速度变缓,适合在生长期较长的农作物上施用。在一个生长季中牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪颗粒堆肥N素释放率分别为30～35%,35%～45%和45～55%,但其中60～80%的N素释放主要集中在施用后的前二个月内。     

包膜尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效

应用固-液反应包膜工艺，采用4种改性的无机包膜材料，试制出了成本较低的包膜缓释尿素，用水中溶出率法测定了包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征，应用盆栽水稻评价了包膜缓释尿素的肥效，并与国外的有机缓释氮肥（Methylene Urea）和高聚物包膜复合肥（Osmocotte）进行了比较，表明固-液反应型包膜尿素具有较好的养分缓释效果，4种包膜尿素与等氮和等重常规尿素相比，栽培水稻都有一定的增产作用，并提高了肥料利用率，其中LU增产最显著，比等氮和等重尿素处理分别增产41．5％和35．7％，肥料当季利用率达到43．9％，好于国外的有机缓释氮肥和高聚物包膜复合肥。养分释放特征与水稻氮素营养特征较为接近，可为水稻一次性施肥所用。     

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。