表温和黑潮年间变化对西北太平洋柔鱼渔场分布的影响

根据1998—2007年6—11月西北太平洋中国鱿钓船的生产统计数据,结合黑潮及表温等海洋环境资料,分析了近10年来表温和黑潮年间变化对西北太平洋柔鱼渔场分布的影响。结果表明,各月经度向作业船次所占比重超过5%的海域：6月为171°-174°E和176°-180°E;7月为157°-161°E、167°-169°E和179°-180°E;8月为151°-158°E;9月为152°-160°E;10月为146°-147°E、151°-160°E;11月为145°-148°E、150°-156°E。各月纬度向作业船次所占比重均超过20%的海域：6月为39°-41°N;7月为40°-42°N;8月为41°-44°N;9月为42°-45°N;10月为42°-44°N;11月为40°-42°N。渔场分布变化纬度向远比经度方向大。研究认为,作业渔场年间变化的原因可能来自其表温年间变化（同一月份的水温年标准差大）和黑潮等因素。黑潮大弯曲年份,主要作业渔场150°-160°E海域表温通常较低,作业渔场分布广泛,但CPUE较低;而黑潮小弯曲年份则情况相反。     

海盐苦卤对番茄早疫病菌的抑制及其对番茄叶片防御酶系的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了海盐苦卤对番茄早疫病菌的抑制,通过测定PAL、CAT和PPO的变化,研究了海盐苦卤对番茄叶片防御酶系（苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL、过氧化氢酶CAT和多酚氧化酶PPO）的影响。结果表明：随着海盐苦卤浓度的降低,其对番茄早疫病菌作用表现为：抑制-促进-抑制,并在浓度为0.0050%具有最佳抑制效果,抑制率为42.3%;此外,浓度为0.050%的海盐苦卤处理能够提高番茄叶片PAL、CAT和PPO的活性。     

我国海水养殖业的可持续发展研究

随着海水养殖规模的不断扩大,海水养殖对养殖区的环境污染也越来越严重,其可持续发展受到威胁。要做到海水养殖业的可持续发展,首先要找出阻碍海水养殖业可持续发展的因素,然后在此基础上对影响可持续发展的原因进行分析,寻找促进海水养殖业可持续发展的方法。     

生物菌肥对矿区复垦土壤磷、有机质、微生物数量的影响

采用室内盆栽模拟试验,通过研究煤炭矿区1,2,3a复垦土壤中全磷、速效磷、有机质及微生物数量来分析生物菌肥对复垦土壤熟化的效果。结果表明:加入生物菌肥后,不同年限复垦土壤中全磷、速效磷、有机质及微生物数量明显增加,但对不同复垦年限土壤提高效果不同。总体而言,3a复垦土壤的质量好于2a和1a复垦土壤。     

气泡幕对许氏平鲉的阻拦效果研究

气泡幕可作为海洋牧场鱼群控制的技术手段之一。本研究通过改变气泡幕在水槽中的相对位置和试验许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的密度来观察许氏平鲉的行为反应,运用了观察法、对照试验法和控制变量法探究了气泡幕对不同密度下的许氏平鲉的阻拦效果。结果显示:1)试验鱼20尾时,气泡幕的位置分别设置在矩形水槽长的1/4、1/2和3/4处(鱼的密度为12.52、6.26、4.17尾/m2),阻拦率分别达到了98.2%、88.4%和92.9%,阻拦效果明显。2)气泡幕设置在水槽长度方向的1/2处,试验鱼分别为5尾、10尾、15尾和20尾时,气泡幕阻拦率分别达到了100%、85.7%、100%和88.4%(鱼群密度分别为1.56、3.12、4.69、6.26尾/m2),阻拦效果良好。3)由于阻拦率较高,试验鱼群密度和阻拦效率没有明显的关系。本研究结果可为我国投放许氏平鲉的海洋牧场鱼群控制技术以及取水口拦鱼技术提供参考。     

高海况漂浮物打捞网具的研究试验

为在高海况下安全打捞落水人员和重要的漂浮物,设计了一种打捞网具。为此研究了打捞过程中船舶行进速度、网口高度、打捞物体吃水深度等参数对打捞网性能影响;通过网具模型试验,模拟网具打捞作业,测试网具在打捞体进网前后力的变化,分析了打捞物体吃水深度与进网匹配性、进网的拖网速度以及网具受到的最大撞击力等。结果显示,试验用打捞体的进网条件受其吃水深度和网具拖速的影响较大。在打捞体吃水深度一定时,打捞体可在拖速≥2.5 kn时顺利进入网内;但当拖速过大,网口垂直扩张系数越小,不利于进网。试验范围内的最大撞击力随着拖速的提高而增大,最大值为27.84 k N。研究表明,网具最大撞击力的参数值对网线材料的选择与强度设计、网具支撑拦截臂架的结构强度计算具有指导意义。     

人工鱼礁工程技术进展研究

人工鱼礁是实现海洋牧场建设、海域生态调控和海洋生境修复的主要手段之一。人工鱼礁的聚鱼效果主要取决于礁体建造材料、结构造型、流体力学特征及礁体布局等因素。总结了国内外人工鱼礁工程技术的发展历程,阐述了我国人工鱼礁发展存在的问题。通过查阅文献资料,总结了礁体造型和设计方面的研究进展,主要包括:现有人工鱼礁礁体材料的优、缺点,新型复合材料应用空间等;主要礁体构型及现有设计方法;采用流体力学模型试验和数值计算,开展礁体水动力学行为研究的进展;人工诱导流场和人工鱼礁布局主要方法。结合我国人工鱼礁现状,提出人工鱼礁设计与应用的发展趋势和重点研究方向,以期为我国人工鱼礁建造和升级提供参考。     

Grow‐out culture of abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve,fed land‐based IMTA produced macroalgae,in a combined fish/abalone offshore mariculture system: effect of stocking density

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea has been identified as a target species for European aquaculture development, in order to fulfil the rising demand for abalone. The effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance, feed utilization and survival of two different initial size groups (30 and 40 mm) of abalones, during the final grow‐out to cocktail/market size (45–60 mm), were determined over a 6‐month period. Trials were performed in abalone cages installed in a commercial open‐sea cages fish farm. Animals were fed the red algae Gracilaria cornea and the green one Ulva rigida, both obtained from a land‐based integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture system. Survival rates were very high (94–98%) regardless the density employed. Sustained high linear growth was recorded both in shell and weight. However, a 17–19% reduction in weight gain was obtained by doubling the initial stocking density, suggesting a higher competition for space or food. Nevertheless, the high growth performance (70–94   μm day^?1; 250–372% weight gain) and survival attained, even at high densities, denoted the suitability of the offshore mariculture system as well as the biofilter produced macroalgae for grow‐out culture of H. tuberculata coccinea that overall could reach cocktail/commercial size in only 18–22 months.     

Combined effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides and total fish oil substitution by soybean oil on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenile diets

This study evaluates the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, tissue composition, fatty acid profiles and liver morphology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing either soybean oil (SBO; SBOMOS) or fish oil (FO; FOMOS) as unique oil source for 8 weeks. Results showed that MOS supplementation enhanced specific growth rate, regardless of the oil source used, and that dietary oil source reduced fish length, regardless of dietary MOS supplementation. Dietary MOS favoured lipid accumulation in muscle and anterior intestine when supplemented in FO‐based diets compared to fish fed SBO diet and reduces it in liver in relation to lower hepatocyte area, particularly in fish fed SBOMOS diet. Dietary MOS favoured liver and not muscular ∑n‐3 PUFA, DHA, EPA and ARA deposition, when combined with FO but not when included in SBO‐based diets. Thus, MOS dietary supplementation favours fish performance and helps to minimize the side effects derived from high dietary SBO supplementation on liver lipid accumulation and hepatocyte vacuolization, which could be of especial interest on long‐term feeding trials; however, the effects on favoured deposition ∑n‐3 PUFA are limited to FO‐based diets.     

Can sea urchins benefit from an artificial diet? Physiological and histological assessment for echinoculture feasibility evaluation

In the Mediterranean sea, since the time of ancient Greece, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus has been considered a delicacy, and as a consequence, the market demand has increased since the early 1970s, significantly causing a depletion of wild stock. For this reason, the interest in breeding sea urchins has widened over the last two decades and several formulated diets were developed. In order to identify a low‐cost diet, which is able to promote both the maintenance and the gonadal growth of organisms in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), we evaluated the food intake of three different diets: the first composed of macroalgae naturally present in the sea urchins collection site, a second diet based on maize and spinach and finally a diet based on pellet normally used in aquaculture. The results presented in this study demonstrated the good feasibility of a low‐cost and easy‐to‐standardize diet, such as that based on maize and spinach, in rearing vulnerable species such as P. lividus in RAS.