三维激光扫描技术在淤地坝安全监测中的应用

[目的]监测黄土高原丘陵地区淤地坝在运行中的缓慢和微小变化,及时发现淤地坝的病险隐患,为科学监测、评价陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区乃至西北黄土高原地区淤地坝安全运行提供依据。[方法]通过Nove MS 50全站扫描仪对南湾骨干坝和别杜川骨干坝坝体沉降、水平移位及坝体表面侵蚀进行定期激光扫描,利用等间隔的点云记录坝体和库岸不规则形态。[结果]两期监测对比可以看出,南湾骨干坝接近路面的部分有约1cm的变化,左侧库岸有明显的变化,变化量约为0.8cm,日后极有可能会发生小规模坍塌。别杜川骨干坝整个堤坝在半年的时间内右侧部分约有1~2cm的下降变化,监测结果和管理部门常规监测变形结果一致。[结论]将三维激光扫描技术应用于淤地坝变形监测,可以及时、准确、全面、直观获取淤地坝坝体和库岸表面数据,使得变形监测工作更加全面、便捷、可信。     

生物柴油催化转移加氢改善其燃烧特性

采用催化转移加氢法对大豆油生物柴油(SME,soybean methyl ester)进行适度加氢制备部分加氢大豆油生物柴油(PHSME,partially hydrogenated soybean methyl ester),分析比较生物柴油加氢前后的组分、过氧化值、碘值、十六烷值与运动黏度等燃料特性参数,并基于热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC,thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimeter)研究加氢提质生物柴油的着火燃烧性能。结果表明:以异丙醇为供氢体、水为反应介质和Raney-Ni为催化剂,在温度85℃和常压下对SME进行催化转移加氢反应,经GC-MS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)检测发现高不饱和组分选择性转化为低不饱和或饱和组分,不饱和程度降低了46.2%。尽管PHSME的运动黏度略有增加,但其氧化安定性得到明显改善,且十六烷值也升高至合理的范围。在空气氛围下,由于PHSME相比于SME的分子结构变化及运动黏度增加,其在初始阶段不易挥发,但在高温阶段平均氧化速率更高,其终了失质量温度比SME提前7.2℃。由于PHSME的适度的高十六烷值属性,在DSC曲线可见其放热始点温度比SME提前10.7℃,说明提质生物柴油具有优越的着火性能。     

数字近景摄影测量辅助三维激光扫描用于森林固定样地测树原理探讨

近景摄影测量和近年来发展起来的三维激光扫描技术已广泛用于树木三维数据的获取,通过近景摄影测量技术和三维激光扫描方法获得的数据各有优缺点,但它们优势互补构成获取立木数据强大的工具。三维激光扫描有快速获取数据的优点,缺点是容易留下没扫描的空白区域（扫描漏洞）;摄影测量能根据人们的主观愿望布置测量控制网,很灵活地采集数据点,能够补充扫描漏洞没有数据点的缺陷,缺点是因布置测量控制网,要增加劳动强度,再者在影象上灰度变化不明显的部位无法获得同名像点,在一定程度上制约着三维建模的精度。试图探讨利用近景摄影测量辅助三维激光扫描的数据采集技术来恢复单木空间实体,计算胸径、任一处的直径、树高、树冠体积等测树指标,最后得出材积方程,服务于森林资源的精准监测。     

中国6种犬科动物直针毛的扫描电镜分析

应用扫描电镜对我国分布的6种犬科动物背部和腹部直针毛的鳞片花纹类型进行研究.结果表明,6种犬科动物直针毛鳞片花纹类型主要有杂波型、长瓣型、杂瓣型、扁平型和方瓣型,毛鳞片形态在属间和种间存在差异,同一种类身体不同部位毛的鳞片形态也有差异,同一根毛的不同部位也存在差异.依据本项研究,笔者探讨了利用犬科动物毛鳞片花纹进行物种识别的可行性及需要注意的问题.     

The relationship of various muscular and skeletal scores and ultrasound measurements in the live animal,and carcass classification scores with carcass composition and value of bulls

The relationships of live animal muscular and skeletal scores and ultrasound measurements and carcass conformation and fat scores with carcass composition and value were determined using 74 bulls. The animals consisted of 53 late-maturing breed crosses and 21 Holstein–Friesian slaughtered at 13 to 17 months of age. They were offered concentrates ad-libitum and 1 kg of grass silage dry matter per head daily for the final 139 day finishing period. Live animal muscular and skeletal scores and ultrasonic muscle and fat depth measurements of the M. longissimus dorsi were recorded at 8 to 12 months of age and pre-slaughter. Following slaughter, carcasses were classified for conformation and fatness and the right side of each carcass was dissected into meat, fat and bone. Carcass conformation and fat scores, (scale 1 to 15) ranged from 4.7 to 14.4 and 2.7 to 11.5, respectively. Pre-slaughter muscular scores showed significant positive correlations with kill-out proportion (r = 0.82), carcass meat proportion (r = 0.72), conformation score (r = 0.94), carcass value (r = 0.72), and the proportion of high-value meat cuts in the carcass (r = 0.49), and significant negative correlations with carcass bone (r = − 0.89) and fat (r = − 0.32) proportions. The associations between pre-slaughter muscular scores and proportion of high-value cuts in meat, perinephric plus retroperitoneal fat and fat score were not significant. Corresponding correlations with muscular scores at 8 to 12 months of age were generally lower than those recorded pre-slaughter. Correlations of ultrasound muscle depth with carcass traits showed similar trends but lower values to those obtained using the muscular scoring procedure. Ultrasound fat depth pre-slaughter was positively correlated with carcass fat proportion (r = 0.56) and fat score (r = 0.54), and negatively correlated with carcass meat proportion, proportion of high-value cuts and carcass value. Correlations with other carcass traits were not significant. Correlations of live animal skeletal scores with carcass traits were generally non-significant. A one unit (scale 1–15) increase in carcass conformation score was associated with significant increases in kill-out proportion, meat yield and carcass value of 11.9 g/kg, 11.9 g/kg and 5.8 cent/kg, respectively. Corresponding effects for a one unit change in fat score were − 2.9 g/kg, − 11.1 g/kg and − 4.9 c/kg. In conclusion, live animal muscular scores and ultrasound measurements and carcass conformation and fat scores were shown to be useful predictors of carcass composition and value.     

Application of epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) to study the microstructure of wheat dough: a comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) technique

To study dough microstructure, epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) combined with digital image processing software was used, which enabled an improved image quality. A comparison was made between EFLM and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) methods. Both techniques were satisfactorily able to demonstrate changes in the dough microstructure upon different stages of z-blade mixing. Dough mixed for a shorter time (under-mixed) showed a heterogeneous structure with coarse protein domains and clusters of starch due to local segregation or de-mixing effect. Increasing mixing time (optimal mixing) led to development of interconnected gluten network covering starch granules throughout the dough, representing optimal development. Over-mixing led to formation of a homogeneous dough microstructure in which the gluten phase showed a fine distribution throughout the dough. Using a double staining method in the preparation of samples for both microscopic techniques it was possible to observe gluten network structures together with starch granules. Moreover, special features of image processing software described in this study enabled us to improve EFLM images and to obtain comparable images with CSLM. This could favour a low cost and a convenient microscopic observation of biomaterials.     

1个水稻雌配子不育突变体的筛选及初步分析

在水稻转基因后代中,筛选到1个与雌配子育性相关的突变体,该突变体自交后代群体外源标记基因(潮霉素磷酸转移酶hpt)保持1∶1的分离规律,连续6代自交没有得到纯合株系;正、反杂交以及测交分析显示,潮霉素抗性基因只能通过雄配子进行传递;结实率统计分析表明具有外源标记基因hpt的单株有近乎一半的雌配子发生败育,胚囊的育性与外...     

二氧化氯对沙门氏菌生物被膜的影响

通过扫描电镜和测定数据表明,在不锈钢表面形成的沙门氏菌生物被膜培养8 h后细菌密度达到3×10⁶ cfu/cm²;沙门氏菌以生物被膜的形式生长比以浮游形式对二氧化氯具有更强的抵抗能力;胰酶大豆肉汤(tryptone soy broth,TSB)等营养物质能明显减弱生物被膜对二氧化氯的敏感性。     

B型超声显像技术在实验猕猴繁殖中的应用

采用MEDISON SA-600型超声实时显像仪,以妊娠囊作为主要的判断依据,对658只配种实验猕猴进行早期妊娠诊断的探索。结果表明:妊娠15d诊断准确率为95.5%,20d诊断准确率为100%。同时对猕猴妊娠各期B超影像的特征及猕猴检测的操作特点进行论述。     

粉纹夜蛾培养细胞对家蚕微孢子虫的吞噬及与孢壁蛋白的关系

解明家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)入侵宿主细胞的相关因素,有助于深入研究Nb对家蚕的侵染机制。利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察Nb孢子接种粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusiani,Tn)培养细胞48h后孢子的分布状态和培养细胞的生长情况,并对接种Nb孢子后的Tn培养细胞培养物总蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析,证实经0.2mol/LKOH预处理的Nb孢子可以被Tn培养细胞所吞噬。对Nb孢子孢壁蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析显示,Nb孢子经KOH预处理后,大小为80kD和12kD的孢壁蛋白带缺失或明显减弱,30kD的孢壁蛋白带丰度降低。推测KOH预处理使Nb孢子部分孢壁蛋白被分解(部分或完全)或使蛋白结构发生变化,由此影响了Nb孢子与Tn培养细胞的相互作用关系,有利于Tn培养细胞对Nb孢子的吞噬。