利用GIS进行耕地质量评等定级方法的探讨

在对耕地的质量传统评估方法分析的基础上,按照耕地质量评估的基本原则,提出了利用GIS技术进行耕地质量的评等定级的思想,重点阐述了基于域和基于对象两种耕地质量评等定级的方法,评等定级的基础工作是建立各参评项目的地理数据库;叠加分析则是评等定级的关键工作;最后提出了以耕地质量评等定级成果为基础建立耕地信息管理系统的设想。     

河北农业大学农业高新科技示范园区运行机制及管理模式探索

河北农业大学农业高新科技示范园区是省级农业综合开发重点项目,是以河北农业大学为技术主体,以定州德胜农林有限公司为基础条件,利用专项资金建设的农业高新技术园区。园区采用“市场导向,科技主导,企业运作,产业经营”的发展模式,实施有效的利益分配及运行机制来调动各方积极性。园区建设3年来,取得了明显进展,起到了较强的示范和带动作用。     

天然次生林中乔木树种的种间关系

创建了局部联结度指数构造模型，构造了一种与密度相关的联结度指数及相应的显著性检验统计量，证明了经典联结度检验统计量是本模型的特例。应用联结度定义研究了帽儿山林场的固定标准地数据10个树种的联结关系，得到了几个有显著联结度的树种关系，并捡测到白桦与山杨间随年龄而变化的联结关系。     

Soil erosion modelling of burned and mulched soils following a Mediterranean forest wildfire

Soil erosion modelling applied to burned forests in different global regions can be unreliable because of a lack of verification data. Here, we evaluated the following three erosion models: (1) Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), (2) Morgan-Morgan-Finney (MMF) and (3) Universal Soil Loss Equation-Modified (USLE-M). Using field plots that were either untreated or mulched with straw, this study involved observations of soil loss at the event scale at a burned pine forest in Central Eastern Spain. The erosion predictions of the three models were analysed for goodness-of-fit. Optimization of the MMF model with a new procedure to estimate the C-factor resulted in a satisfactory erosion prediction capacity in burned plots with or without the mulching treatment. The WEPP model underestimated erosion in the unburned areas and largely overestimated the soil loss in burned areas. The accuracy of soil loss estimation by the USLE-M model was also poor. Calibration of the curve numbers and C-factors did not improve the USLE-M model estimation. Therefore, we conclude that an optimized MMF model was the most accurate way to estimate soil loss and recommend this approach for in Mediterranean burned forests with or without postfire mulching. This study gives land managers insight about the choice of the most suitable model for erosion predictions in burned forests.     

Interrelationship among slope steepness,tillage practice and rainfall properties with surface runoff and soil loss on Mollisols in Northeast China

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion and rainfall-induced runoff are well studied yet remain somewhat unpredictable from one natural rainfall to the next, due to interactions between erosion parameters. This study quantified the relationship between annual (2011–2016) and individual (2016) rain events with overland flow (runoff) and soil loss in China’s northern ‘corn-belt’. Two tillage practices and slopes were evaluated (no-till and conventional till, 5° and 7° slopes). Results showed 54 rainfall events for a total of 394 mm precipitation ranging between May and October 2016. Runoff occurred 13 times in the conventional till with 7° slope, accounting for 25.9% of the precipitation volume and caused 15.6 t ha^?1 erosion. It occurred twice in the no-till with 5° slope plot and caused 0.2 t ha^?1 erosion., Thus the no-till with 5° slope treatment is the best tillage system to protect soil in Mollisols in Northeast China. Broad analysis coupled with a detail review of three rainfall events demonstrates that water either runs off plots quickly or rapidly infiltrates while sediment moves in a pulsing manner.     

不同施肥措施下菜地CO_2排放通量的变化特征

采用碱溶液吸收法对福州市郊菜地土壤CO2排放特征及其与土温之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,蔬菜生长期的土壤CO2排放通量在苗期和发育前期,它的日变化表现为黑夜白天;发育后期则为白天黑夜,且随时间的推移而呈现递减规律。此外,土壤CO2排放通量在苗期较大,不施肥(CK)、化肥(全部基施)、化肥(1/2基施+1/2追施)、化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、化肥+长效肥力素(1/2基施+1/2追施)、1/2有机肥+1/2化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理分别为2 379.08、2 482.93、2 129.94、1 299.02、1 890.04、2 293.61、3 029.99mg·m-2·d-1,而发育后期土壤CO2释放量相对较小。而且化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)处理的菜地土壤CO2排放通量小,仅为209.96mg·m-2·d-1,而1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理则较大,达到了3 029.99mg·d-1·m-2,表明化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)培肥处理适宜在福州市郊菜地进行推广。指数回归分析可知,土壤15cm处的土层温度是影响菜地CO2释放的主要因素之一,且随温度的增加而升高。     

采石场松散体坡面两种治理措施的水土保持效益

通过修建径流小区,对北京市房山区黄院采石场的治理进行了连续两年的坡面径流观测,用对比分析的方法研究了采石场治理初期不同年份内不同治理措施的水土保持效益。结果表明,在采石场治理初期,不同的坡度、不同的治理措施、不同的植被覆盖度均对坡面水土流失的影响有较大差异。当坡度为25°时,铺设生态袋措施能够有效防治水土流失;当植被覆盖度小于15%时,影响水土流失的主要因素为松散体坡面的孔隙度;当植被覆盖度大于60%时,影响水土流失的主要因素是降雨量和降雨强度。     

岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式下的坡地产流产沙规律

[目的]研究岩溶槽谷区坡地产流产沙规律,为槽谷区坡面水土流失防治提供理论基础。[方法]基于重庆市北碚区中梁山岩溶槽谷区径流小区,探讨了土地利用类型(耕地、林地、果园和竹林地)、降雨等级、降雨特征对坡地产流产沙的影响。[结果]①不同土地利用方式的径流小区坡地总产流量为:耕地(3534.64 L)>果园地(3150.60 L)>竹林地(2347.75 L)>林地(1957.41 L);径流系数(3.12%~5.70%)远低于非岩溶区(约20%);地表产沙量耕地(3.37 kg)>果园地(2.60 kg)>林地(1.60 kg)>竹林地(1.43 kg);②虽然暴雨占总降雨场次的1.53%,但产流量占年产量的42.28%,产沙量占年总产沙量的33.42%。中雨占年产流总量的16.61%,产沙量占年总产沙量的20.47%,但是由于中雨的降雨次数多,其造成的泥沙流失也不可忽视。③降雨量对不同土地利用方式下的坡面产流的影响最大,是坡面产流的主要影响因素。I30对耕地和果园产沙量的影响最大,降雨量对林地和果园产沙量的影响最大。[结论]在相同的降雨条件下,耕地的产流产沙量最大,果园次之。在坡度一定的条件下,不同等级的降雨是影响产流产沙的主要因素,因此,在安排农事活动时,应尽量避开高强度降雨,减少严重侵蚀事件的发生。     

河北农业大学农业高新科技示范园区运行机制及管理模式探索

河北农业大学农业高新科技示范园区是省级农业综合开发重点项目,是以河北农业大学为技术主体,以定州德胜农林有限公司为基础条件,利用专项资金建设的农业高新技术园区。园区采用“市场导向,科技主导,企业运作,产业经营”的发展模式,实施有效的利益分配及运行机制来调动各方积极性。园区建设3年来,取得了明显进展,起到了较强的示范和带动作用。