Effects of field plot configurations on the uncertainties of ALS-assisted forest resource estimates

The effects of field plot configurations on the uncertainties of plot-level forest resource estimates were analyzed using airborne laser scanner data, aerial photographs and field measurements. The aim was to select a field sample plot configuration that can be used for both large area and management inventories. Error estimates were evaluated at the plot level using six different training plot configurations. Additionally, separate plots with two different sizes were used for evaluation. Stem volume and five other forest resource characteristics were considered. The field measurement costs of the different plot configurations were also studied. RMSEs and mean deviations for airborne laser scanning ALS-assisted estimates were practically the same for the fixed radius plot, the two concentric plots and the angle count plot with a basal area factor of q = 1 for all three evaluation plot sizes. Angle count plots with basal area factors of q = 1.5 and 2 increased the RMSEs. For the former plot configurations, the RMSEs for the ALS-assisted estimates could be attributed to inaccuracy in the predicted relationships between the field data and ALS data, not to the training plot configuration. Tree measurements and costs can, therefore, be reduced from those of the Finnish management inventories without increasing RMSEs.     

基于土壤水分异质性的小麦滴灌试验小区布设方法

科学合理地确定适宜的试验小区规格,对于经济、高效地获取具有较高精度和代表性的试验数据具有重要现实意义.该研究以确定滴灌条件下适宜的试验小区规格为目标,采用幂函数建立土壤含水率方差与不同小区面积之间的相关关系,计算土壤水分异质性指数以表征试验小区内土壤含水率的相关程度;利用土壤含水率异质性指数,采用Hatheway法确定小麦滴灌试验小区适宜的面积和重复数;根据不同方向上土壤含水率异质性指数研究形状对试验结果的影响,确定试验小区适宜的长宽比.结果表明:增大试验小区面积可以提高试验数据的准确性,但不同面积区间数据离散程度的降低幅度变化较大:面积由1 m2增大到50~100 m2,灌水定额30 mm处理田块间土壤含水率方差降低77.4%~82.6%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低78.6%~83.7%,面积从100 m2增加到500 m2,方差降低幅度显著变小,灌水定额30 mm处理降低17.4%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低16.3%;增加试验重复数可以增加试验对处理间土壤含水率差异的区分能力,试验小区面积在50~100 m2时,重复数由2增加到3能检测出的处理间土壤含水率差异由23.2%~26.5%提高到13.1%~15.0%,表明增加试验重复数可以检测出试验处理间更小的土壤含水率差异,提高试验精度.通过研究滴灌试验小区土壤水分异质性指数与滴灌试验小区规格之间的关系,综合考虑试验精度、代表性和田间实际操作得出以下结论:若试验为高、低水2处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为50 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出15%的真实差异;若试验为高、中、低3处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为100 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出12%的真实差异.滴灌试验小区适宜的形状为沿滴灌带方向布设的长方形,长宽比在1:1到5:1之间可使试验小区所得数据更具代表性.     

基于标准样地的耕地质量监测研究

相对于耕地面积的有形减少而言,耕地质量的下降是隐性的,不易被人们所察觉,但其影响却绝不亚于耕地数量减少,耕地质量的变化正在对生态环境和社会经济发展构成严重威胁.在高强度开发背景和耕地数量持续减少的态势下,对耕地质量监测的研究具有重要的现实意义.     

纵轴流双滚筒小区育种脱粒分离装置设计与试验

田间试验机械化是提高作物育种工作效率的关键环节,是获得正确育种试验结果的重要措施。根据小区育种小麦收获试验要求,设计了一种由钉齿式圆柱滚筒与短纹杆—板齿锥型滚筒组成的纵轴流双滚筒小区育种脱粒分离装置,通过论述该装置总体配置方案,完成其关键部件(脱粒滚筒、分离滚筒)结构与运动参数设计计算,确定脱粒滚筒的平均直径为450 mm、分离滚筒的直径为430 mm,两者的转速分别在764-892 RPM和888-1 022RPM,计算得出分离滚筒的脱粒元件数为36个,且装置适宜的喂入量需小于2.7 kg/s。利用该装置进行了育种小麦脱粒分离试验结果表明,当喂入量由1.8 kg/s向2.6 kg/s变化,脱粒滚筒转速为760 RPM、分离滚筒转速为1 020RPM时,装置脱粒损失率为0.32%-0.36%、种子破碎率为0.51%-0.62%、籽粒含杂率为2.48%-2.92%。研究表明,纵轴流双滚筒小区育种脱粒分离装置针对物料脱粒难易程度能够实现有序脱粒作业,其脱出物料分布均匀,有较强的适应性,各项技术指标均达到国家标准要求。     

多水平林木生物量估算方法研究

研究不同水平下林木生物量的估算方法,林分水平不同树种组成的样地生物量估算方法,以及不同尺度生物量的扩展问题,以便于探索大区域的森林生物量估算方法。基于国家森林资源连续清查中广东省的数据资料,分别选择针叶树种马尾松、阔叶树种桉树以及针阔混交林为优势树种的182、168、129个样地数据。在单木水平上,利用已有的各树种生物量模型估算单木生物量,在样地水平上以样地蓄积为自变量,样地总生物量为因变量,分别选用方精云的转换因子连续函数法、一元截距式与一元无截距式、联立方程组截距式与联立方程组无截距式以及幂函数6种方法估算样地生物量,从计算原理和过程、方法特点、模型拟合效果等方面比较研究不同水平下林木生物量的估算方法。在样地水平上,转换因子连续函数法预估效果较差,马尾松林的样地生物量估算方法以含截距式的联立方程组模型预估效果最好,一元无截距式模型适用于针阔混交林,而桉树林的样地生物量估算方法以幂函数方程的预估效果最好。对单株树木而言,各树种的生物形态、树枝与树冠的丰富程度,以及木材密度的大小影响树木材积对生物量的贡献率大小。在样地中,树木年龄不同、大树与小树的比例的差异也会影响样地生物量。     

裂区设计下分析影响欧洲菊苣产量的因素

在裂区设计下,分析影响欧洲菊苣（Cichorium intybus cv.Europ）产量的7个因素,结果表明：播种季节对株高、产量有显著性影响;播种方式对株高、茎粗、密度、盖度、产量5个指标均有显著影响。进一步通过因子分析得出欧洲菊苣产量最佳组合为撒播、密度在50～59株·m^-2、盖度为94%～100%。     

海南铜鼓岭国家自然保护区药用植物调查研究

结合传统的路线法、小样方法与固定样地法调查铜鼓岭保护区药用植物在群落中的分布情况。结果表明,铜鼓岭国家自然保护区共有药用植物640种,隶属136科544属。其中,蕨类植物20种,隶属14科17属;裸子植物1种;被子植物618种,隶 属120科525属。640种药用植物中包括4种海南特有种植物,8种濒危珍惜、国家级保护植物。经过调查分析发现,铜鼓岭保护区药用植物资源在植物群落中占有重要地位,如贡甲、海南大风子、赤楠蒲桃等在铜鼓岭保护区的分布广泛且数量众多,其中海南大风子是国家级珍稀保护植物,但在铜鼓岭保护区内却是优势物种,这是铜鼓岭保护区药用植物资源的重要特色。     

垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地对菜地废水的净化效果

广州市番禺区东升农场菜地废水未经处理直接排入水生植物塘,最终流入附近河流,由于菜地废水水质较差,对其造成了严重的污染,严重威胁了附近居民的饮水安全。为了提高菜地出水水质,减轻对河流的污染,通过构建垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地,对菜地废水进行净化处理。湿地经过9个月的运行,结果显示,湿地对COD、NH4＋-N和TP的平均去除率分别达56.40%、79.09%和79.79%以上,COD、NH4＋-N和TP出水平均浓度分别为9.45、0.47mg.L-1和0.06mg.L-1,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。湿地对TN的平均去除率较低,仅为35.08%,通过补充甘蔗叶作为碳源,湿地对TN的平均去除率显著提高,但随着碳源投加量的增加,去除率逐渐降低。本实验碳源投加量以1.62kg.m-3为宜,TN的平均去除率最高,达80.85%,出水TN平均浓度从3.06mg.L-1降低至0.90mg.L-1。     

Reference Value Advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel

Abstract: International recommendations for determination of reference intervals have been recently updated, especially for small reference sample groups, and use of the robust method and Box–Cox transformation is now recommended. Unfortunately, these methods are not included in most software programs used for data analysis by clinical laboratories. We have created a set of macroinstructions, named Reference Value Advisor, for use in Microsoft Excel to calculate reference limits applying different methods. For any series of data, Reference Value Advisor calculates reference limits (with 90% confidence intervals [CI]) using a nonparametric method when n≥40 and by parametric and robust methods from native and Box–Cox transformed values; tests normality of distributions using the Anderson–Darling test and outliers using Tukey and Dixon–Reed tests; displays the distribution of values in dot plots and histograms and constructs Q–Q plots for visual inspection of normality; and provides minimal guidelines in the form of comments based on international recommendations. The critical steps in determination of reference intervals are correct selection of as many reference individuals as possible and analysis of specimens in controlled preanalytical and analytical conditions. Computing tools cannot compensate for flaws in selection and size of the reference sample group and handling and analysis of samples. However, if those steps are performed properly, Reference Value Advisor, available as freeware at http://www.biostat.envt.fr/spip/spip.php?article63 , permits rapid assessment and comparison of results calculated using different methods, including currently unavailable methods. This allows for selection of the most appropriate method, especially as the program provides the CI of limits. It should be useful in veterinary clinical pathology when only small reference sample groups are available.     

贵阳市奶牛小区奶牛繁殖性能调查

本文就贵阳市具有典型代表性的某奶牛小区奶牛的繁殖性能进行调查,调查结果表明：该奶牛养殖小区2007～2009年的平均年受胎率为83.0%,产犊间隔时间为427.00±3.36d,产后子宫复旧时间为39.94±1.72d;产后瘫痪、胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎及死胎的发病率均有逐年下降的趋势,但乳房炎和肢蹄病的发病率却呈上升的趋势。该奶牛养殖小区的胎衣不下、乳房炎、子宫内膜炎及肢蹄病的发病率仍较高,严重影响了该小区的经济效益。