黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农田土壤钾素特征研究

通过土样分析,利用统计分析法系统研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农地——坝地和梯田的土壤钾素含量、相关性、垂直和时空分异特征。研究结果表明:坝地和梯田钾素分布严重失衡;表层速效钾平均含量坝地属"中等",梯田属"缺乏";表层全钾平均含量坝地属"较高",梯田为"中等";缓效钾平均是速效钾的7.58倍(坝地)和11.06倍(梯田),但转化率较低;矿物钾平均占全钾的95.71%(坝地)和95.16%(梯田),却难以被作物利用。土壤各形态钾素间都呈极显著正相关,并受土壤有机质、CEC、pH值和颗粒组成的影响。表层与下层间的速效钾、坝地和梯田间的缓效钾都有极显著差异,但黄土母质土壤钾素整体分布均一;坝地速效钾沿剖面向下含量增加,且整体高于梯田;坝地因高耗钾作物玉米而导致缓效钾含量低于梯田。土壤有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾在时间动态上都表现为先增后降,分水岭年限坝地约在40 a,梯田约在30 a。     

王茂沟流域淤地坝系土壤颗粒与有机碳分布特征研究

为了研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坝系坝地土壤颗粒与有机碳的分布特征,以陕北绥德县王茂沟小流域为研究对象,选取了47个土壤剖面,采集土样940个,分析了分形维数、粗化度、有机碳与各粒径组成之间的关系。结果表明:（1）研究区坝地的土壤粒径分布中,粉粒含量占主导地位,依次为砂粒、黏粒;（2）王茂沟坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数在2.674~2.829之内变化,垂直剖面上变化很微小,坝前、坝中、坝后土壤颗粒分形维数分别为2.803 3,2.783 6,2.795 8;（3）王茂沟坝地土壤质地粗化度在0.27~0.58,平均值为0.44,坝前（0.40） < 坝后（0.45） < 坝中（0.46）;（4）坝地土壤颗粒在0.05~0.002 mm和 < 0.002 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著正相关,在2.0~0.05 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著负相关;坝地土壤有机碳与粉粒和黏粒呈正相关,与细砂粒和极细沙粒含量呈负相关。     

Influence of river discharge on recreational harvest of paddlefish

The Neosho River at Chetopa Dam, Kansas, USA, supports a tailwater paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum), snag fishery that is open annually to harvest from 15 March to 15 May and managed to provide anglers with maximum catch. Paddlefish inhabiting this portion of the river are presumed upstream spawning migrants from Grand Lake of the Cherokees, Oklahoma. Angler success in a paddlefish snag fishery is dependent on fish density, a factor that is likely influenced by river hydrology. However, links between river flow regime and angler harvest remain largely unquantified. In this study, hydrological factors that significantly affected paddlefish harvest were identified by regressing paddlefish harvest data from 1992 to 2005 against discharge variables. Two variables describing number of days discharge exceeded a critical threshold that allowed fish to pass a migratory barrier and frequency of discharge increases following decreases combined to explain 53% of variation in harvest. These results can be applied to promote more effective management of this population through increased understanding of relationships between hydrology and harvest. Specifically, anglers can be informed of factors leading to increased harvest in an attempt to increase satisfaction, and cooperating agencies can use these results to develop future water management plans in an effort to increase harvest.     

A method to estimate aquifer artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia

In arid and semi-arid areas, artificial recharge is a key technology in groundwater resources management, and a reliable estimate of artificial recharge is necessary to its sustainable development. Several methods are available to estimate the artificial recharge; however, most of them require field data or model parameters, thus limiting their applications. To overcome this limitation, we presented an analytical method to estimate the artificial recharge through monitoring the water release by piezometer and analysing the controlling factors of the artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia. A total of 97 measurements of water flow in the streambed recorded from 4 gauging stations were analysed. Results indicated that the average infiltration velocity ranged from 0.043 to 0.127 m/d and the infiltration index varied from 7.6 to 11.8 L/(s·km). Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis shows that the infiltration index, the stream gradient, the thickness of unsaturated zone, the number of infiltration pond, the stream geometry, and the water flow rate were found to be the main factors in determining the infiltration. The high correlation coefficients(0.908 for the number of infiltration pond and 0.999 for the stream geometry) mean that the number of infiltration pond and the stream geometry are the most influential factors. Time variations of groundwater level were used to analyze the recharge effects on the piezometry of aquifer. The analysis showed that during the artificial recharge, the water table increased at a rate of 5 mm/d and that the increase was limited to the area surrounding the recharge site. Based on the results of the study, building infiltration ponds along streambed and improving the potential of rainwater harvesting over the study area are recommended.     

淤地坝赋存信息在流域侵蚀产沙研究中的应用

黄土高原淤地坝在拦蓄大量泥沙的同时,也赋存了大量环境变化信息。该文从淤地坝赋存信息在小流域侵蚀产沙速率、泥沙来源和泥沙输移比研究方面的作用进行了归纳和总结,分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的发展方向,以期能为更好地利用这些赋存信息,发挥其在黄土高原土壤侵蚀和环境演变过程研究中的作用提供参考。     

Impact of Land Use Change and Dam Construction on Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in the Black Soil Region,Northeastern China

Since the 1960s, the implemented soil conservation measures on steep slopes and the densely planted shelterbelts as well as the constructed reservoirs and ponds in Baiquan County, northeastern China have dramatically altered the landscape and would greatly influence soil erosion and sediment yield (SY ). However, how these land use changes and the constructed dams affected soil erosion and SY still remained unclear. A physically distributed soil erosion model WaTEM/SEDEM that has been calibrated and validated using 25 reservoir SY s in the study area was applied using nine land use scenarios (land uses in 1954, 1975 and 2010, each with 8, 32 and without dams) to assess their impacts on sediment delivery at the Shuangyang catchment (915 km²). The results show that land use changes as well as the increased dam numbers progressively decreased catchment sediment delivery and the impact of dams on sediment delivery was more efficient under the intensified land use condition (1954 land use without reservoirs). With respect to 1954 land use without dams, current land use condition (2010 land use with 32 dams) was simulated to decrease SY by 61·8%. Soil conservation measures (terrace and contour tillage as well as shelterbelts) on the slopes greatly influenced SY and over 80% of the reduced SY were caused by land use changes. This study indicates that soil conservation measures are sustainable sediment control measures for the black soil region because the accumulation of sediment in dams causes shortening of the useful life in reservoirs and ponds and implies increasing financial costs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽河干流坝间耕地土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对辽河干流坝间10个断面耕地土壤0~5 cm、5~15 cm、15~30 cm沉积层重金属铜、镉、锌、铅含量测定,评价了该区土壤重金属污染程度,并采用地质累积指数法评价单一重金属污染状况与潜在生态危害指数,综合评价重金属生态危害程度。研究结果表明,该区土壤铜、铅、锌与镉含量均值分别为32.42 mg?kg~(-1)、38.23 mg?kg~(-1)、47.35 mg?kg~(-1)和1.625 mg?kg~(-1);铅、锌含量均值在达牛渡口最大,分别为55.54 mg?kg~(-1)和80.51 mg?kg~(-1);铜、镉含量均值在通江口处最大,分别为50.24 mg?kg~(-1)和3.103 mg?kg~(-1)。除镉外,铅、铜、锌含量各断面不同深度浓度均低于全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,镉含量均值是全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准的1.70倍,最大值为3.402 mg?kg~(-1);辽河大桥上游干流镉含量是下游镉含量的6.47倍。镉的地质累积指数值在坝间均显污染,其中,辽河大桥以上各断面显强污染。通江口至毓宝台特大桥重金属潜在生态风险指数值最强。各断面镉对多种金属潜在生态风险指数值的贡献达78.77%~98.23%,贡献率与潜在生态危害指数(RI)呈正相关。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数值变化趋势与镉地质积累指数分布趋势相同,最大值出现于通江口断面。     

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝泥沙沉积特征

了解淤地坝泥沙沉积特征是坝地泥沙输移过程及规律研究的基础和前提。该文通过对黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝不同位置泥沙沉积剖面中各沉积旋回层厚度及粒径组成变化的分析,研究了淤地坝次洪水沉积过程中泥沙的再分布特征。结果表明:坝地内次洪水泥沙沉积过程为非均匀分布,各沉积旋回层厚度在纵剖面和横剖面都存在一定差异,早期沉积层厚度的起伏变化要大于后期的起伏变化。坝地泥沙粒径组成以粉粒为主,黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量分别为4.66%、58.78%和36.56%。坝地泥沙沉积过程中,各旋回层中黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量变化较小,但在坝地不同位置,土壤粒径组成发生了一定程度的分选。从坝尾到坝前,土壤质地粗化度显著下降,土壤粒径组成呈逐步细化的趋势。     

三维激光扫描技术在淤地坝安全监测中的应用

[目的]监测黄土高原丘陵地区淤地坝在运行中的缓慢和微小变化,及时发现淤地坝的病险隐患,为科学监测、评价陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区乃至西北黄土高原地区淤地坝安全运行提供依据。[方法]通过Nove MS 50全站扫描仪对南湾骨干坝和别杜川骨干坝坝体沉降、水平移位及坝体表面侵蚀进行定期激光扫描,利用等间隔的点云记录坝体和库岸不规则形态。[结果]两期监测对比可以看出,南湾骨干坝接近路面的部分有约1cm的变化,左侧库岸有明显的变化,变化量约为0.8cm,日后极有可能会发生小规模坍塌。别杜川骨干坝整个堤坝在半年的时间内右侧部分约有1~2cm的下降变化,监测结果和管理部门常规监测变形结果一致。[结论]将三维激光扫描技术应用于淤地坝变形监测,可以及时、准确、全面、直观获取淤地坝坝体和库岸表面数据,使得变形监测工作更加全面、便捷、可信。     

基于改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归的大坝变形监测模型

【目的】针对常规大坝变形监测回归模型中存在的因子多重相关性干扰和模型拟合效果欠佳问题,进行偏回归模型优化方法研究。【方法】将改进的遗传算法引入大坝变形监测偏回归模型,利用遗传算法强大的自适应全局优化搜索功能,对偏最小二乘回归模型进行优化,建立了基于改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归的大坝变形监测模型。【结果】工程实例研究与对比分析表明,改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归模型在一定程度上改善了原偏回归模型存在的拟合效果不佳的问题。【结论】改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归模型具有较好的拟合与预测能力,有较强的工程实用性。