液体火箭发动机诱导轮非定常空化流动特性数值计算

为了研究液体火箭发动机诱导轮非定常空化流动特性以及流场压力脉动特性,采用基于旋转曲率修正的湍流模型对诱导轮空化特性进行了数值计算,并与试验数据进行对比.结果表明:数值计算与试验测量的诱导轮扬程系数最大误差为3.6%,二者吻合较好.针对典型工况下的诱导轮非定常空化流动数值计算结果表明:空泡主要分布在叶片前缘和叶片进口轮缘处,每个叶片上的空泡形态大小不一,并且随着时间的推移各叶片空泡形态不断变化;在整个旋转周期中,回流涡空化旋转方向与诱导轮旋转方向一致,但旋转速度远小于诱导轮转速;诱导轮进口压力脉动主要受叶片旋转影响,在叶轮转频的倍频处,功率谱密度分布均有明显的峰值;诱导轮出口截面压力较高,压力波动相对较小.     

轮作休耕模式对土壤细菌群落的影响

以黄土高原半干旱区9种轮作休耕模式土壤为研究对象，分别设残膜覆盖（T₂1）、伏天深耕（T₂2）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂3）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续种植豌豆3 a并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂4）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植豌豆（每kg豌豆种子拌根瘤菌粉8.5 g）并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂5）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂6）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂7）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂8）等8个处理，以连续休耕3 a为对照（CK）,采用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术对土壤细菌群落组成、丰度和多样性等特征进行研究，分析了土壤养分与细菌种群多样性的相关关系。结果表明，9种休耕轮作模式下，土壤细菌群落中相对丰度较高的前5位菌门依次为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（26.33%～37.33%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（17.93%～21.43%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（12.42%～19.41%）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）（6.98%～10.99%）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）（6.48%～10.50%）。其中T₂1、T₂5处理显著升高了硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度（分别为50.04%和42.44%），T₂2处理显著提高了变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度（分别为31.51%和159.96%），T₂6、T₂7处理显著增加了芽单胞菌门的相对丰度（分别为28.36%和28.33%），T₂8处理显著增高了奇古菌门的相对丰度（519.79%）。不同轮作休耕模式的土壤全氮含量均高于CK。细菌群落丰富度指数除T₂7处理外，其余处理均高于CK。冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示，土壤全氮、全钾、速效氮含量对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著（P＜0.05）。     

适宜与香蕉轮作防控枯萎病的蔬菜品种初步筛选

香蕉枯萎病发生普遍,危害巨大,选择合理的轮作作物对该病防控意义重大。本研究在25个蔬菜品种接种香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Foc 4）后,调查Foc 4对不同种蔬菜的致病性,测定不同时期蔬菜根际土壤中香蕉枯萎病菌的数量;通过菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定不同蔬菜根系的水浸提液对Foc 4菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用,筛选适合与香蕉轮作的蔬菜品种,探索轮作防病的机理。结果表明,所调查的25个蔬菜品种在接种Foc 4后根系发育正常,长势良好。除甘蓝和冬瓜外,其余23个蔬菜品种对Foc 4都没有富集作用。种植大多数蔬菜后,土壤中的尖孢镰孢菌（Fusarium oxysporum）数量呈不同程度的下降趋势,尤其是蒜、香葱、韭菜、香芹、芫茜的根际土壤带菌量大大低于对照土样的带菌量,其次是南瓜、苦瓜、茄子、辣椒、菜豆、萝卜等蔬菜。研究9种蔬菜根系水浸提液对Foc 4生长的影响表明：9种蔬菜根系水浸提液对Foc 4菌丝生长和孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制作用,但浸提液对病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果并不因处理时间的延长而增加。第6天测定时显示,不同蔬菜根系水浸提液对病原菌生长抑制的作用表现为：韭菜>香葱>香芹>大肉西蒜>芫茜>南瓜>朝天椒>苦瓜;当测定时间为16 h时,蔬菜根系水浸提液对孢子萌发的抑制效果表现为：韭菜>香葱>香芹>芫茜>朝天椒>南瓜>苦瓜>大肉西蒜>紫长茄。9种蔬菜中,韭菜根系水浸提液对病菌的抑制效果最好,其抑制率、敏感度都明显优于其他蔬菜;香葱根系分泌物表现出良好的抑菌作用,仅次于韭菜;香芹及芫茜也具有一定的抑菌效果。本试验为筛选适合与香蕉轮作的蔬菜品种提供了依据。     

滴灌轮灌分组优化模型与算法

传统的轮灌组划分计算方式效率较低且难以获得较好方案。该研究首次采用智能算法来求解轮灌组划分问题,依据《微灌工程技术标准》及轮灌组划分原则,提出了基于流量均衡的数学模型及其约束条件。通过分析支管空间分布,确定了滴灌问题的邻域特征,在半径阈值范围内给出了最大限度查找关键路径的邻域搜索策略和不可行解修复算法,并采用传统遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)、贪心遗传算法(Greedy-GA)、泰森多边形遗传算法(Voronoi-GA)和网格遗传算法(Grid-GA)算法分别求解模型,探索适应轮灌分组问题的初始化方法。对标准差、组内路程、连通性和运行时间4项指标对比分析,结果表明:Grid-GA算法表现优异,采用的邻域策略可有效避免支管分布过于分散,有利于日常管理与维护。取半径阈值280 m条件下,算法在300代左右达到收敛,最小标准差10.9 m3/h,组内路程8 105.2 m,连通性指标25,与一种冒泡+贪心的近似算法相比最小标准差小59.1%。该研究对提高滴灌工程设计效率和促进轮灌工作制度有效运行有着重要研究意义。     

INTERFERENCE BY NON-HOST PLANT ROOTS AND ROOT EXUDATES IN THE INFECTION PROCESSES OF PHYTOPHTHORA NICOTIANAE

• The roots of non-host plant interfere infection of Phytophthora nicotianae.• Vanillin and other compounds play key roles in antimicrobial activity of fennel roots.• ROS accumulation is the potentially mechanism involved in inhibition of antimicrobial compounds on P. nicotianae.Crop rotations are widely used because they can significantly reduce the incidence of pests and diseases. The interactions between non-host roots and pathogens may be key in the inhibition of soilborne pathogens in crop rotations. Interactions between fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) roots/root exudates and Phytophthora nicotianae were investigated because of the known allelopathy between fennel and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The effects of the key compounds in the fennel rhizosphere on the mycelial growth and zoospore behavior of P. nicotianae were assessed. The roots of fennel attracted P. nicotianae zoospores and inhibited their motility and the germination of cystospores, with some cystospores rupturing. 4-ethylacetophenone, vanillin and N-formylpiperidine were consistently identified in the fennel rhizosphere and were found to interfere with the infection of P. nicotianae, especially vanillin. Hyphae treated with these compounds produced more abnormal branches and accumulated reactive oxygen species. These interspecific interactions between non-host roots and pathogens were found to be an important factor in the inhibition by fennel of infection by P. nicotianae.     

Soil physiology discriminates between no-till agricultural soils with different crop systems on winter season

Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were used to characterize soils with two contrasting no-till agricultural practices in terms of crop rotation, looking for differences in soil physiology according to management: ‘good agricultural practices (GAP), based on crop rotation, and monocropping agriculture considered as poor agricultural practices (PAP); soils from nearby natural environments (NE) were used as reference. Soils from productive fields of the central Argentine Pampas were sampled in summer and winter. Treatments were replicated at four places along a 400-km east–west transect, between longitudinal parallels 31° to 33°S. The CLPPs assay was based on either basal respiration or substrate-induced respiration using different C sources, with or without additional nitrogen as a mineral amendment, to mimic fertilizer application effects. CLPPs allowed discrimination between soils with different agricultural practices, despite the differences in the texture and mineralogy of the soils at each replicate site. NE soils were significantly different to agriculture soils based on 70% of the estimated CLPPs parameters. The differences between GAP and PAP soils by CLPPs data were supported by 50% of the estimated parameters in winter and only by 12.5% of them in summer. The Euclidean distance between GAP and PAP increased 102% in winter compared with summer. Additional N to the incubation did not significantly modify the result. Coumaric and propionic acids appeared to be good substrates for discrimination between different agriculture practices by CLPPs.     

Microbial biomass under various soil- and crop-management systems in short- and long-term experiments in Brazil

Management and cropping systems varying in soil mobilization rates and plant-residue inputs may have profound effects on the biological properties of soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MB-C and MB-N)—by means of the fumigation-extraction method—under varied soil-management and crop-rotation/succession systems in southern Brazil, correlating the results with yields of soybean and maize crops. The microbial biomass and grain yields were examined at the 0–10 cm layer in four short- to long-term field experiments. Experiment 1 was a 26-year trial consisting of four soil-management systems: (1) no-tillage (NT), (2) conventional tillage [(CT) with disc plough], (3) field cultivator (FC) or (4) heavy-disc harrow (DH), each with a crop succession (CS) of soybean (summer) and wheat (winter). Experiment 2 was a 21-year trial consisting of one CS, soybean/wheat every year) and seven crop rotations (CRs) comprising soybean, maize, wheat and green manures (lupine, radish and black oat), under the NT system. Experiment 3 comprised a 14-year CT trial, and 4-year and 14-year NT trials, with both one CS and two CRs. Experiment 4, a 10-year trial consisted of CT and NT and three CRs. Analyses were performed during the summer and winter croppings. Differences in microbial parameters, as a function of crop succession and rotation, were not easily detected as they varied as a function of a complex combination of plant species and time of implementation of the experiment. In contrast, MB-C and MB-N values were consistently higher—up to more than 100%—under NT in comparison to CT and were associated with higher grain yields. Our results—from this wide range of experiments—suggest that MB-C and, particularly, MB-N are sensitive indicators of the effects of soil- and crop-management regimens.     

Effects of flywheel rotation speed on properties of 35CrMnSi/T3 inertial radial friction welding

CT 25 special friction welding machine is used to weld 35CrMnSi/T3 with different inertial flywheel rotation speeds.The interface microcosmic binding characteristics and microstructure changes are observed by SEM.The element diffusion near the interface is detected by EDS and the microhardness of plastic deformation zone in Cu matrix is tested.The results show that,when the inertial flywheel rotation speed increases,friction heat of primary pressure increases significantly,more plastic deformation forms between the contact surfaces by secondary pressure,and bonding of work pieces is promoted.When the flywheel rotation speed is 3 000 r/min,the joint of 35CrMnSi/T3 by inertial radial friction welding process gets clean binding domain,elements obviously diffuses,the fine grain α Fe and ε Cu structure forms in recrystallization zone and the welding effect is good.The microhardness of interface region in Cu matrix is increased by violent plastic deformation.     

提高地力的玉米群体生理机制研究

2007年和2008年对玉米大豆间作、并在间作区轮作的玉米群体与清种玉米群体生理参数和产量进行了比较研究。结果表明,玉米间作群体的最大叶面积指数(LAImax=6.60)高于清种群体(LAImax=4.39),且LAI4的天数明显高于清种;在玉米各生育时期,间作群体的群体生长率(CGR)、净同化率(NAR)、光合势(LAD)都大于清种,其中除NAR外,其它生理参数均达到了差异显著水平;2007年、2008年玉米间作产量分别为525.70 kg/667m2和622.82 kg/667m2,分别比同年清种产量低1.6%和3.9%,但t测验结果表明,玉米间作与清种产量差异均未达到显著水平(p0.05)。说明以提高地力为出发点的合理的间、轮作是能够保证产量的。