控制灌溉稻田部分土壤环境因子变化规律

根据现场试验资料,分析了控制灌溉条件下稻田的土壤温度、氧化还原电位、土壤中有机质及铵态氮含量的变化规律及其对水稻生长、稻田环境的影响.结果表明,气温变化对控灌稻田土壤温度的影响较淹灌更加明显,控灌稻田土壤昼夜温差大,有利于改善稻田生态环境和水稻产量的形成;水分调控提高了稻田土壤的Eh水平,控灌稻田5 cm和20 cm土层土壤Eh均极显著高于淹灌稻田(p<0,01),10 cm土层差异不显著,土壤Eh升高减少了土壤中还原性有毒物质含量,增强了水稻根系活性;水分调控加速了土壤中有机质的分解,增加了土壤中的有效养分,有利于水稻的正常生长和发育;控制灌溉条件下土壤中氮素形态发生变化,铵态氮含量降低.     

铁还原条件下铁负载生物质炭固定三价砷的能力及其稳定性

为研究还原条件下铁负载生物质炭固定三价砷[As（Ⅲ）]的能力及其自身稳定性，首先探究了铁负载生物质炭介导铁还原菌（Shewanella oneidensis MR-1）还原含As（Ⅲ）的水铁矿[As（Ⅲ）-FH]时对As（Ⅲ）的释放和固定能力；其次评估了铁还原菌的还原作用对铁负载生物质炭固定As（Ⅲ）稳定性的影响。研究表明，400~700℃制备的铁负载生物质炭在好氧条件下可以吸附0.94~1.63 mg·g^-1的As（Ⅲ）。在As（Ⅲ）-FH还原体系中，随着铁负载生物质炭制备温度的提升：0~400 h时，铁负载生物质炭加速S.oneidensis MR-1还原As（Ⅲ）-FH释放二价铁和As（Ⅲ）的能力也逐渐提升；在400~646 h，分别加速溶液中的Fe²⁺沉淀生成蓝铁矿和菱铁矿，以及As（Ⅲ）的部分固定，在646 h时As（Ⅲ）的固定量为0.211~0.676 mg·g^-1。在铁负载生物质炭固定As（Ⅲ）稳定性评估体系中：铁还原菌的还原作用虽然会导致铁负载生物质炭中磁铁矿还原转化生成蓝铁矿和菱铁矿，但却可以在342 h内提升固定As（Ⅲ）的能力，达到2.16~2.29 mg·g^-1。因而在铁还原菌构建的还原生境中，铁负载生物质炭的As（Ⅲ）固定能力在342 h的短期内呈现增加的趋势，而在646 h的长时间培养条件下As（Ⅲ）的固定能力逐渐降低。通过构建简单的铁还原生境，评估了铁负载生物质炭在还原环境中固定As（Ⅲ）的潜能，为稻田土壤砷污染阻控材料的筛选提供了一种评估方法。     

1-MCP对猕猴桃果实品质和细胞氧化还原水平的影响

以中华猕猴桃为试材,分别于0、10、20、30℃条件下采用1μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理12h和24 h后,在20℃条件下贮藏,研究不同1-MCP处理温度和时间对中华猕猴桃果实贮藏品质及其细胞氧化还原水平的影响.结果表明,1-MCP处理12h可显著降低猕猴桃果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,其中在30℃下的处理...     

The importance of soil carbon and nitrogen for amelioration of acid sulphate soils

When exposed to air and adequate moisture, soils containing sulphides (sulphidic soils with pH > 4) become oxidized and generate sulphuric acid to form ‘sulphuric soils’ (pH < 4). Treatment of this acidity is undertaken by addition of lime. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of adding plant organic matter, and simple carbon and nitrogen compounds, as alternatives to lime to sulphuric and sulphidic soils. In sulphuric soils under aerobic conditions, organic matter increased pH, the extent depending on the nitrogen content. Lucerne hay, which had the largest nitrogen content, increased the pH from 3.7 to 8.0, while pea straw and wheat straw effected smaller changes, in proportion to their respective nitrogen contents. Lucerne hay also caused the greatest reductions in soil redox potential and sulphate content, consistent with the action of sulphate‐reducing bacteria. Similarly, incorporation of organic matter under aerobic conditions effectively prevented sulphidic soil acidification and reduced the redox potential and sulphate content. The individual effects of carbon and nitrogen compounds were then examined and compared to plant organic material. Glucose was ineffective at both small and large concentrations, while molasses increased the pH slightly to 4.6 and acetate to 5.9. None of these carbon compounds was as effective as complex organic matter. Nitrogen added alone as nitrate or ammonia had little or no effect on pH, whereas organic nitrogen in the form of urea caused the pH to rise to 6.3 and reduced the redox to less than 0 mV but had no significant effect on sulphate content.     

Effects of chelated Zn/Cu/Mn on redox status,immune responses and hoof health in lactating Holstein cows

To evaluate the effects of chelated Zn/Cu/Mn on redox status, immune responses and hoof health in lactating Holstein cows, 48 head in early lactation were divided into healthy or lame groups according to their gait score. Cows were fed the same amount of Zn/Cu/Mn as sulfate salts or in chelated forms for 180 days, and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine was injected at day 90. The results showed that lame cows had lower antioxidant function, serum Zn/Mn levels, hair Cu levels, and hoof hardness. Moreover, increased antioxidant status, FMD antibody titers, serum and hair levels of Zn/Cu/Mn, and hoof hardness and decreased milk fat percent and arthritis biomarkers were observed in cows fed chelated Zn/Cu/Mn. In summary, supplementation with chelated Zn/Cu/Mn improved antioxidant status and immune responses, reduced arthritis biomarkers, and increased accumulation of Zn/Cu/Mn in the body and hoof hardness in dairy cows.     

Extracellular cysteine/cystine redox potential affects mitochondrial function in NAFLD LO2 cells

AIM: To investigate the effects of extracellular cysteine/cystine redox potential (E_hCys/CySS) on the mitochondrial function of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) hepatocytes. METHODS: LO2 cells were incubated with E_hCys/CySS of the oxidized (0 mV), the normal (-80 mV), or the reduced (-150 mV) status medium, then treated with oleic acid to establish NAFLD model in vitro. DCFH-DA and MitoSOX were used as the fluorescent probes for determining reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), MitoQ₁₀ (mitochondria-targeted antioxidant), rotenone (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor) and antimycin A (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III inhibitor) were used to investigate the sources of ROS. RESULTS: An increase in ROS in LO2 cells by oleic acid was aggravated by the oxidized extracellular E_hCys/CySS (0 mV), which was removed by the reduced E_hCys/CySS (-150 mV). ROS generation by 0 mV was significantly eliminated by MitoQ₁₀. ROS levels were dependent on extracellular E_hCys/CySS in rotenone treated LO2 cells. A decline of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells with NAFLD was aggravated by 0 mV and reversed by -150 mV. CONCLUSION: The oxidized extracellular E_hCys/CySS via inhibitiing of complex I intensifies ROS generation and reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential in the NAFLD hepatocytes, which were reversed by reduced E_hCys/CySS.     

A field experiment on the influence of the postulated global climatic change on coastal marshland soils

A climatic scenario postulates an increase of atmospheric CO₂, 55 cm water‐level rise combined with a 30 cm higher tidal amplitude for the North Sea. Further, more frequent and stronger west storms, a 2.5°C mean‐annual‐temperature increase together with 15% more rainfall during winter time are to be expected until 2050 due to recent human impact. The possible consequences of the postulated changes in temperature and flooding dynamics were studied for soil formation as well as for soil‐ecological attributes and processes of two sites at Hedwigenkoog foreshore in N Germany: a Hypersali‐tidalic Fluvisol (protothionic, calcaric) (1.5 m asl with >500 annual floods) and a Gleyi‐sali‐tidalic Fluvisol (calcaric) under a salt meadow (2.2 m asl with 70 annual floods). Temperature, water, redox, nutrient and gas dynamics were measured at different soil depths for a period of 2 y. The topsoil of the Gleyi‐sali‐tidalic Fluvisol was permanently heated over an area of 14 m² to simulate a temperature rise of 1.5–2.5°C. The results are discussed in relation to two realistic scenarios. If the ground level of the Gleyi‐sali‐tidalic Fluvisol is heaved up (due to sedimentation) as intensively as the sea level rises, it may be assumed that the soil unit including vegetation cover in principle will not noticeably change. Then, the temperature increase will intensify the activity of soil organisms, bioturbation, and formation of a crumb structure, however, there will be no further accumulation of soil humus. If there was no sedimentation during the next 50 y, the salt meadow itself together with the upper part of the Gleyi‐sali‐tidalic Fluvisol would be destroyed by erosion, and a Hypersali‐tidalic Fluvisol would be formed similar to the studied one.     

还原铁粉去除地下水中硝酸盐氮的研究

地下水中硝酸盐氮的污染问题变得日益突出,为此以100～200目的铁粉为还原剂,采用静态试验方法研究了不同pH值、硝酸盐氮初始浓度、溶解氧、铁粉表面预处理及铁与硝酸盐氮的质量比等因素对硝酸盐氮去除率的影响。结果表明,溶液的初始pH值对硝酸盐氮的去除影响很大,pH>4时,铁粉几乎不与水中硝酸盐氮进行反应;铁粉经过表面处理后在同一时刻内对硝酸盐氮的去除率提高1倍多;铁与硝酸盐氮的最佳质量比为200∶1;溶解氧对硝酸盐氮的去除没有太大影响;反应产物主要是氨氮。     

茶叶中醌酚氧化还原体系的化学调控及其对品质的影响

通过实验测试,生产小试和生产应用等研究结果表明：试剂１有促进红茶发酵过程中醌酚氧化还原体系的进行、缩短发酵时间和提高品质的作用;试剂２有抑制红茶发酵过程中醌酚氧化还原体系的进行,在绿茶加工时应用可起保鲜、增加于茶制率和提高产值等作用,并能提高绿茶品质。