Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of water submergence depth on radial oxygen loss (ROL), soil solution chemistry and rice growth performance in acid sulphate soils in southern Vietnam. ROL was measured in a solution culture. In a separate pot experiment the impact of water submergence depth on rice growth and soil solution chemistry was studied. Three submergence depths were used in the two experiments (5, 10 and 15 cm). ROL declined with submergence depth and was significantly greater in young roots (with no root hairs) than in older roots. In the pot experiment rice growth and soil solution chemistry were clearly affected by the submergence depth. During the first crop at 5 cm submergence, there was a significantly higher yield and a higher oxidation state (pe+pH) compared to 10 or 15 cm submergence. The Fe concentration was significantly greater at the 5 cm depth compared to the 10 or 15 cm depth. SO₄^2– reduction was delayed at the 5 cm depth. Rice yield was c. 25% less at the 15 cm than at the 5 cm depth. During a second crop, there was a substantial SO₄^2- reduction and H₂S formation and almost no significant effects of submergence depth on either soil solution chemistry or crop yield. In a field experiment with a dry-season rice crop, yield and Fe, Al and SO₄^2– concentrations were higher at a shallow submergence depth than at greater depths in the same field, showing similar depth trends to those found during the first crop in the pot experiment. Farmers should be advised to use a shallow submergence depth and, if possible, avoid deep-rooted rice varieties. A conceptual model is suggested, which summarizes the relationships between ROL and soil solution chemistry.     

土壤氧气可获得性对双季稻田温室气体排放通量的影响

为探讨土壤氧气可获得性(SOA)对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响,利用静态箱气相色谱法对多种管理措施影响下稻田温室气体排放通量和土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值及田间淹水深度(H)等3种SOA因子进行了观测。结果表明,甲烷(CH₄)排放最集中的Eh值、pH值和H范围分别为-100-0mV、5 < pH < 6和1-5cm,3个范围内分别观测到48.8%、61.1%和77.0%的CH₄排放,其中H对CH₄排放影响最明显,单独由其就可解释37.8%的CH₄排放通量(P < 0.0001)。对于氧化亚氮(N₂O),观测到较多的负通量,其纯排放最密集的3种SOA因子的范围分别是:0-100mV、5 < pH < 6和1-5cm,而200-300mV是其排放的临界Eh范围,高于此范围N₂O排放极少。厌氧的反硝化过程是双季稻田N₂O产生的主导过程。可为水稻田温室气体排放机理研究提供基础数据。     

Changes of oxidative metabolism in the roots of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings in response to elevated ammonium concentrations

To elucidate the response of oxidative metabolism, triggered by elevated ammonium(NH_4~+) concentrations, on root growth of wheat seedlings, Yumai 49(NH_4~+-tolerant) and Lumai 15(NH_4~+-sensitive) cultivars were supplied with either 5.0 mmol L~(–1) NH_4~+-N(EAC) or 5.0 mmol L–1 NO_3–-N(CON) under hydroponic conditions. Root growth in both cultivars was significantly reduced under EAC, and the negative effect was greater in Lumai 15. EAC enhanced the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase in the roots of both cultivars, while it decreased ascorbic acid(ASA) content and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase(GMPase) activity at the 12 th day after treatment in Lumai 15 by 62.0 and 71.4%; and in Yumai 49 by 38.8 and 62.2%, respectively, indicating that the regeneration of ASA was increased, but the biosynthesis of ASA was reduced under EAC treatment. Moreover, EAC increased DHA/ASA, reactive oxygen species(ROS), and malondialdehyde contents, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots of both cultivars. Relatively greater increases in ROS and soluble sugar, and lower antioxidant enzyme activities in Lumai 15 indicate severe disruption of oxidative metabolism when compared to Yumai 49. Results reveal that the reduction of ASA biosynthesis via decreased GMPase activity under the EAC condition probably acts as a trigger for accumulated ROS and imbalanced redox status, resulting in root growth inhibition during wheat seedling growth stage. Yumai 49, being an NH_4~+-tolerant cultivar, had the stronger capacity to protect itself from oxidative stress, which allowed it to retain a lower DHA to ASA ratio by maintaining a better redox homeostasis than could be maintained in the NH_4~+-sensitive cultivar Lumai 15.     

Ferric iron transformation in soils with rotation of irrigated rice-upland crops and effect on soil tillage properties

We examined the relationship between the form of iron and the tillability (defined as the degree of ease of pulverizing a soil into small clods) of soils in upland fields that had been converted from paddy fields. The amount of iron (Fe.e) extractable with acetate buffer (pH 3.0) decreased from 0.959 g kg_-1 in a field that has been continuously used as a paddy field to 0.104 g kg-I in a field that had been converted into an upland field for a period of 5 y. There was no significant change in the free iron oxide content under upland conditions. These results indicate that ferric iron oxides are gradually crystallized to less reactive forms after the conversion of a paddy field into upland conditions. Both soil tillability (represented by the mean clod diameter after tillage) and the stability of the soil microstructure (represented by the sediment volume) also increased during the 3-y period after conversion and then remained constant for the last 2-y period of the study. On the basis of these results, two mechanisms for the improvement of soil tillability can be proposed as follows: crystallization of ferric iron oxides increased their resistance to microbiological reduction and due to this stabilization the iron oxides as a cementing reagent that contributed to the soil microstructure, which in turn affected the soil tillability. During the first year after drainage, however, there was no significant correlation between the soil tillability and amount of Fe_ac, presumably because the soil was not sufficiently dry in the first year after conversion, and the iron oxides did not affect appreciably the soil structure.     

Effect of reducing conditions on P sorption of soils

Abstract

The phosphate sorption (P _sor) capacity of soils increased when the soils were reduced (Willet and Higgins, Aust. J. Soil Res., 16, 319–326, 1978). The present study aimed at the elucidation of this mechanism using Na₂S₂O₄ and 5 different soils. The P _sor of the 5 soils increased with the addition of a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Fe(II) was released from the soils with the addition of the same small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Furthermore, when the amount of FeCl₂ corresponding to the amount of Fe(II) released along with the small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ was added, the P _sor of the soil increased. However, the P _sor of the lowland soils, of which the hydrous Fe oxide content was lower than the others, decreased when the amount of Na₂S₂O₄ addition was increased up to 150–200 g kg^?1. Based on these results, the following process is inferred for the increase in the P _sor of the soils when they are reduced. Hydrous Fe oxide in soil takes the form of very fine, high-density particles and reacts with P mainly on their surface. When a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ is added, the hydrous Fe oxide is partially reduced, dissolved and finally re-precipitates with P by oxidation with O₂ from the air during the experiment.     

动物源性激素DHEA对拟南芥植株根系生长发育的影响

用DHEA处理拟南芥种子,观察经DHEA处理后拟南芥幼苗根系的生长状态,并研究其体内氧化还原状态的变化。结果表明:经DHEA处理后,拟南芥幼苗的主根缩短了20%,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)酶活降低,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)及还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高,抗氧化酶总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活力均增强,但过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力下降。说明动物源性激素DHEA在植物中通过抑制G6PD的酶活,导致植株内的氧化还原状态发生变化,从而影响了主根的生长能力。     

秸秆生物质炭对镉污染水稻土根际酶活性的影响

为了探究不同Cd污染程度下生物质炭输入对水稻根际土氧化还原类酶、碳循环酶的活性变化的影响,选取水稻作为研究对象,测定不同生物质炭量及Cd施入下水稻根际及非根际土壤酶活性的变化状况。研究表明,不同处理下,水稻根际土壤碳循环酶的综合活性指数值介于1.388~12.029之间,而非根际土壤碳循环酶的活性指数值介于0.542~1.713之间。水稻根际土壤氧化还原类酶的综合活性指数值介于0.387~1.627之间,而非根际土壤氧化还原酶指数值介于0.167~1.201之间。可见水稻根际碳循环类酶及氧化还原类酶的活性均高于非根际土壤。当生物质炭施入量为10%,Cd的含量为2.5 mg·kg~(-1)时,水稻根际土壤的碳循环类酶活性指数为12.029,氧化还原类酶活性指数为1.192,均达到最大。由此可得,该浓度的生物质炭施入对两大类酶活性值的提升均有显著作用。     

Spatial Changes of Redox Environment in Aquifer Contaminated by BTEX

The changes of redox environment conditions and the concentrations of BTEX in different conditions are monitored in this study through setting simulated column. The results showed that the concentration of redox components presented zoning in the simulated column. Oxygen reduction zone formatted in 80～98 cm away from the source, Nitrate reduction zone formatted in 60～80 cm, Iron reduction zone formatted in 35～60 cm, and Sulfate reduction zone formatted in 30～50 cm. At the bottom of the column, the methane zone formatted in 0～30 cm because of the decreasing of HCO3-. The concentration of BTEX components showed a sharp decline. The degradation rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and o-xylene reached 99.94%, 99.96%, 99.94%, 99.49% and 98.3%, respectively.     

4种杀虫剂对番茄叶片GSH-ASA抗氧化系统的影响

为揭示杀虫剂对番茄叶片谷胱甘肽-抗坏血酸(GSH-ASA)氧化还原系统的影响,以粉番一号番茄为试验材料,采用田间试验方法,设定噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、苏云金杆菌、氯虫苯甲酰胺4种不同类型杀虫剂处理,以清水处理为对照,并针对处理后的番茄叶片组织内GR酶活性、GSH含量、ASA含量、GSH/GSSG、ASA/DHA在一段时间内的变化进行检测与分析。结果表明:4种杀虫剂处理后,番茄植株体内GSH-ASA抗氧化系统中的各物质含量及GR酶活性与对照植株之间均存在显著性差异,其中苏云金杆菌、毒死蜱和氯虫苯甲酰胺处理12h后植株组织内GR酶活性分别为0.185U/(g·min)、0.162U/(g·min)、0.162U/(g·min),而噻虫嗪处理在24h时植株组织内GR酶活性达最大值0.155U/(g·min)。尤其是在6~24h变化最显著,随着时间的延长,差异减小,在杀虫剂处理后168h基本恢复到对照水平,说明杀虫剂处理后,番茄植株体通过谷胱甘肽-抗坏血酸氧化还原系统对外源杀虫剂处理做出响应,但是植株对不同杀虫剂的响应有所不同,相对而言,在常用剂量的4种杀虫剂中,苏云金杆菌处理对番茄叶片抗氧化系统的影响作用最小。     

A survey of element toxicities in wheat grown in naturally waterlogged farmer's sodic fields of eastern Uttar Pradesh,India

This survey examined the element toxicities in wheat grown in naturally waterlogged farmer's sodic fields. Seven sites located in three districts (Faizabad, Pratapgarh, and Ambedkar Nagar) of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India were selected for the study. The data on soil redox potential (Eh), soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), waterlogging duration, and crop age during waterlogging were recorded at the time of plant sampling in all the sites. Waterlogging caused a reduction of 21% to 65% in shoot dry weight in the survey sites. During waterlogging, the concentrations of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and sodium (Na) in leaves increased dramatically; the values of these elements were many folds higher than their reported critical toxicity levels (Fe-100 ppm, Al-50 ppm, and Na-8000 ppm, respectively). The results support the hypothesis that element toxicities occur during waterlogging in wheat grown in farmer's sodic field and identified Fe, Al, and Na toxicities as a major constraint for wheat production in the study area.