湖北省1961年以来气温和降水变化趋势及分布

１９６１年以来湖北省年平均气温变化小，冬变暖夏变凉趋势明显，冬变暖区域集中在江汉平原南部及鄂东大部，夏变凉区域集中在鄂西北。年平均民政部下最高气温有下降趋势，最低气温有升高趋势，夏季的最高气温下降幅度最大、中心在鄂西北、冬季的最低气温增加幅度最大、中心在武汉附近。年降水量有增加趋势，其分布格局是东增西减，南增北减。     

土壤风蚀影响因子分布规律研究的最大熵方法

土壤风蚀是一个综合的自然地理过程,包括气候、植被、土壤、地形地貌等多种因子。作为随机变量的风蚀因子,其分布规律直接或间接地影响着风沙的运动规律,一方面导致土壤风蚀程度及方向的变化,另一方面变量之间的非线性相互作用的结果导致风沙流的混沌特性。为此把影响风沙运动规律的各因子作为研究对象,应用最大熵原理与遗传算法相结合的方法,建立了风蚀影响因子概率密度函数模型,采用Matlab语言编制了相应的计算程序,并以阴山北部农牧交错带为例对所建模型的合理性和可行性进行了验证。结果表明,风蚀影响因子的熵概率密度函数不仅合理可行而且具有较高的精度。     

The use of a new portable erosion measuring device for assessing the erodibility of the surface layers of flood embankments

When a river overtops its flood banks, water running down the landward side of the bank can rapidly erode the soil surface and scour the bank, sometimes leading to breaches and collapse. A covering of living vegetation, particularly grass, can reduce this risk of water erosion. As part of a project to assess the effectiveness of different management regimes on bank vegetation cover, direct measurements were required of the erodibility of the soil surface. A portable erosion measurement device (EMD) was developed by LAB Coastal with the support of the Environment Agency. This could direct water flowing at known velocities across areas of the flood banks, and it was used to test directly the erosion resistance of vegetated grass banks at three sites. The EMD gave a direct measure of the erodibility of a small sample of flood bank. While measurements of soil strength and assessments of vegetation cover were useful, they did not always correctly characterize the stability of the bank surface as measured directly by the EMD. The EMD and its use are described and the results obtained are discussed. The results indicate that flood banks need to be mown at least once a year to make them less vulnerable to erosion.     

内蒙古京津风沙源治理工程土壤风蚀控制效益研究

2000—2013年内蒙古风沙源治理工程区风蚀模数整体呈现下降趋势,风蚀程度有所减轻。5个亚治理区风蚀模数差异较大,其中浑善达克沙地治理区风蚀模数最高,其他依次为科尔沁沙地南缘治理区﹥乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区﹥锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区﹥华北北部丘陵山地水源涵养治理区。工程区土壤风蚀量明显减少,2001—2013年累计净减少1 370 446.65×104t,其中,乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区累计净减少风蚀量最大;其次为锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区。风力是造成内蒙古风沙源工程区土壤侵蚀的最主要营力。2000—2013年,工程区风蚀模数与风蚀量的逐步降低说明,京津风沙源治理工程实施十余年以来,通过实施各类治理措施,工程区土壤风蚀得到初步控制,工程区生态状况趋向好转,随着森林资源总量与质量的提高,水土流失状况进一步改善,沙化土地治理初见成效。     

短肢剪力墙设计在新高规中的变化

根据实际设计经验,简单阐述2010年版高规的短肢剪力墙在高层建筑结构设计中的注意事项以及相对2002年版高规的不同。2010年版高规规定不论是否短肢剪力墙多少,所有短肢剪力墙都要按短肢剪力墙设计。对普通剪力墙结构而言,2010年版高规更明确、适用,安全。     

Soil conservation on road embankments using palm‐mat geotextiles: field studies in Lithuania

The application of geotextile mats constructed from the palm leaves of Borassus aethiopum (Borassus) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) was investigated in field experiments. The use of geotextiles caused improved soil moisture storage during dry summer periods on a steep (21–25°) roadside slope in Lithuania. The enhanced soil moisture under the Borassus and Buriti mats encouraged better root development of perennial grasses, increased the number and weight of earthworms and increased the dry biomass of perennial grasses by 50.5 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with a grassland control. The mean rate of water erosion from bare soil during the study period from 17/04/2007 to 11/12/2008 was 33.21 Mg/ha. The cover of palm‐mat geotextiles decreased soil losses from bare fallow soil by 94.8–91.1%. An erosion rate of 0.85 Mg/ha over this 21‐month period was measured on the slope under perennial grasses without geotextile cover. Application of geotextile cover on perennial grasses completely prevented soil erosion by water. Therefore, use of geotextiles has clear soil and water conservation benefits on industrial slopes susceptible to erosion. The use of geotextiles has multiple benefits including soil conservation, the improvement of plant growth conditions and the encouragement of earthworm populations.     

坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响

利用人工模拟降雨对黑龙江西部半干旱区坡耕地不同坡度和不同降雨强度下的土壤水分入渗规律进行了试验研究,采用产流历时和稳定入渗速率二项指标进行分析,发现随着地面坡度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐减小,坡面产流历时与坡度呈对数函数关系,土壤稳渗速率与坡度呈幂函数关系;随着降雨强度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐增大;坡面产流历时与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土壤稳定入渗速率与降雨强度也呈指数关系。