镁、锰、活性炭和石灰及其交互作用对小麦镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染土壤上施用石灰、硫酸镁、硫酸锰和活性炭不同用量以及交互作用对小麦生长和吸收重金属镉的影响。研究结果表明,在试验条件下施用适量的硫酸镁、硫酸锰或与石灰配合能明显提高小麦籽粒产量,单施石灰或与活性炭配合施用降低了小麦籽粒产量;与对照(CK)相比, 所有处理秸秆产量均下降。施用硫酸镁能显著降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中Cd浓度,且随用量的增加而增大。低量硫酸锰能有效降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中Cd浓度,高量反而增加小麦对Cd的吸收。石灰、活性炭单独施用或配合施用都能明显减少小麦对Cd的吸收,但籽/杆中Cd比却随石灰用量的增加呈明显的上升趋势。叶面喷施硫酸镁对降低小麦吸收镉的效果与土施相当,但叶面喷施硫酸锰却比土施硫酸锰显著降低了小麦籽粒中的镉浓度与吸收量。硫酸镁与硫酸锰,或石灰、硫酸镁和硫酸锰3种物质配合施用,对小麦籽粒镉浓度和吸收量的降低表现出明显的正交互作用,对抑制小麦体内镉从秸秆向籽粒的转移具有显著效果。     

Lithium toxicity in plants

Abstract

The toxicity of Li to three plant species was studied to determine if there were interactions with other elements and to determine if a chelating agent modified Li toxicity. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen), grown in solution culture, were sensitive to 0.5 X10^‐3Li which resulted in 10 μg/g in leaves, 48 in stems, and 24 in roots. Higher concentrations of Li produced marked reductions in plant yield accompanied by increased Li concentrations in leaf, stem, and root tissues. For most treatments, root concentrations of Li were lower than those in shoots, but those in stems were higher than those in leaves. Higher levels of Li decreased Zn in leaves, increased Ca in stems, and generally increased Fe and Mn in all plant tissues. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in slightly increased Ii levels in leaves, stems, and roots. Bush bean plants were injured slightly with 25 μg Li/g of Yolo loam soil applied as LiCl; 50 μg Li/g soil caused more severe injury. Leaf concentrations of about 200 μg Li/g resulted in significant yield reduction and around 600 μg//g of leaves resulted in severe toxicity. There were some interactions of Li with other elements which resulted in an increase of them in both leaf and stem tissues. Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) were severely stunted when grown with 500 and 1000 μg Li/g soil as Li oxalate. Increasing the soil pH even further with lime and decreasing it with S had no influence on the toxicity. Shoot concentrations of Li ranged from 800 to over 2000 in the various treatments resulting in severe disruption of the Ca and K balance. Leaf concentrations of Li were higher than those for stems in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. C.V. Acala 442). Cotton was tolerant of a leaf concentration of 587 μg Li/g. High levels of Li increased concentrations of several elements in cotton leaves and in stems. Cotton leaves accumulated more Li than did bush beans.     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

石灰质量调查及添加量对糙皮侧耳熟料栽培的影响

石灰是食药用菌生产的重要辅料,研究旨在对当前食用菌栽培过程中使用的石灰辅料进行质量摸底,同时研究石灰在糙皮侧耳栽培中的最适添加量,达到精准指导糙皮侧耳和其他食用菌生产的目的。采用消化石灰物相分析法,对8份不同来源石灰的Ca(OH)₂、CaO、CaCO₃和MgO含量进行检测。同时选用7号石灰按不同比例添加至玉米芯培养料,栽培糙皮侧耳,比较各处理下菌丝生长、培养料pH变化、出菇产量情况。结果表明：仅2号、3号、7号石灰有效成分[Ca(OH)₂和CaO]比例较大,其余石灰样品的CaCO₃或MgO杂质含量均较高。使用有效成分占比不低于96%的石灰样品（7号）进行栽培试验,结果表明这种石灰最适添加量为2%,此时培养料拌料后可达pH 9.53,堆料24 h后降至pH 7.72,经过36 h常压灭菌后下降至pH 6.35,基质中的菌丝生长速度最快、产量最高。研究揭示石灰质量问题可能成为影响食用菌生产的重要因素,使用质量较差的石灰不仅会增加生产成本,甚至会造成大规模减产。因此,在食用菌生产中,对石灰辅料进行成分检测也是关键。栽培糙皮侧耳时,当石灰有效成分达到96%以上时,2%的添加量即可有效提升培养料pH抑制杂菌生长,达到糙皮侧耳最适生长pH范围,获得高产、稳产。     

豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析

为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量：其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

Estimating potato crisp colour variability using image analysis and a quick visual method

Summary Image analysis gave better precision than colorimetry in measuring the darkening caused by excess free sugar during crisping of potatoes. The image analyser was used to measure individual crisp Average Optical Density (AOD) values in order to examine the variability of AOD within and between tubers. It is unnecessary to measure more than one crisp per tuber when assessing breeding lines, although two crisps per tuber are recommended for quality control. Crisps from at least ten tubers should be measured. A ‘Quick Crisp’ method, in which single crisps from each of four tubers are judged against standard samples, is reported. Regression of results from this method on crisp reflectance percentage (Agtron score) gaveR ² of 0.967. However, the observer tended to overestimate at low values and underestimate at high values. Over several trials, the crossover point varied from 15 to 50 Agtron score units. Measurement of crisp colour variability for improving selection, management and purchasing decisions is discussed.     

小鼠胚胎直接投入液氮冷冻保存试验

室温下,将292枚小鼠胚胎在含128.9g/L甘油PBSS(含20％犊牛血清的磷酸盐缓冲液)和含193.2g/L甘油+85.6g/L蔗糖PBSS内分别孵育片刻,装管后直接投入液氮冷冻保存。冻胚快速解冻后,用含342.3g/L蔗糖PBSS脱去甘油,用PBSS清洗后镜下观察评定,胚胎回收率为86.9％(254/292),胚胎形态正常率为77.1％(196/254)。其中部分桑椹胚经体外培养,囊胚发育率为71.4％(20/28)。将110枚冻胚移植给7只受体,3只妊娠,产仔12只(5,7),妊娠率为43％(3/7),产仔率为10.9％(12/110),其中囊胚移植1只受体妊娠产仔3只,产仔率为25％(3/12)。     

蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降物试验

以引进的大平２号蚯蚓及本地两种蚯蚓进行了不同品种蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降底泥的饲养试验,结果表明：大平２号蚯蚓处理效果明显好于本地环毛蚓和异唇蚓,大平２号蚓单卵平均孵化４．４条,在底泥中从幼蚓长为成蚓约需６０ｄ,每天每克蚯蚓消耗底泥０．９７ｇ左右     

石灰与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果研究

通过采用石灰(L)、泥炭(P)、猪粪(M)、石灰 泥炭(LP）、石灰 猪粪(LM)等处理对福建省龙岩市新罗区特钢厂附近污染田进行改良的田问定位试验。表明大部分处理能提高土壤的pH值、有机质含量。处理石灰、石灰 泥炭和石灰 猪粪对提高作物产量均有显著效果。大部分处理能抑制水稻、花生对Cd、Pb的吸收，糙米中Pb的含量在食品卫生标准范围内。说明通过调节土壤pH值，改变土壤重金属活性是有机—中性化改良技术的主要机理。     

落叶松速生丰产林幼林抚育实验研究初报

在落叶松幼林抚育试验的基础上，从不同抚育措施和不同抚育年限两个方面研究对幼林成活率（或保存率）及树高、地径生长的影响，结果表明：落叶松幼林抚育方式以采取2，2，1次连续3年的抚育为好。