Influence of forest tree species on reclamation of semiarid sodic soils

Tree plantation is a proven strategy to improve the salt‐affected soils. However, the efficiency of trees to reclaim the soil varies from species to species. This study was therefore, carried out with the objective of assessing the efficiency of 3‐yr old plantations of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C. (Mesquite), Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. (Forest Red Gum) and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex. D.C. (Indian Rosewood) to improve the sodic soil characteristics in Sultanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India (26°10′–26°23′N, 81°50′–82°5′E). Soil samples collected from six depths; 0.0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–0.9, 0.9–1.2 and 1.2–1.5 m below the surface, were analysed for chemical and physical properties by following standard methods. The infiltration rate (IR) was determined by double concentric infiltrometer and the permeability by constant head permeameter. The trees were measured for their girth at breast height (at 1.33 m from ground) and crown area within a 100 × 100 m sector at each of the sites selected. There were decreases in soil pH (from 10.06 to 9.64) and exchangeable sodium percentage (from 70.6 to 26.9) at the P. juliflora plantation relative to the E. tereticornis and D. sissoo plantations. The organic carbon and nitrogen content increased from 2.0 and 0.18 g/kg to 3.9 and 0.45 g/kg under P. juliflora at the surface (0.0–0.1 m) layer. There was also more exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺and K⁺ at exchange sites and a reduction in exchangeable Na⁺ 3 yr after establishing the plantations. There was a significant decrease in surface soil (0.1 m) bulk density from 1.66 to 1.37 (t/m³) but an increase in porosity from 41.2 to 46.3% and water holding capacity from 4.3 to 4.8 g/kg. The IR and soil permeability also increased after 3 yr of tree growth. Prosopis juliflora proved more effective than E. tereticornis and D. sissoo in its ability to enrich a sodic soil with organic matter and establishing better soil–water characteristics.     

水稻机插秧的育苗播种量研究

为提高水稻机插秧的质量,对水稻培育壮秧的影响因素进行分析,并以盘锦地区常用的水稻手扶式插秧机为例,对育苗播种量进行计算,结合实践经验,总结适宜盘锦地区水稻育苗的播种量以及播种作业原则。     

果蔬型果肉饮料的生产及稳定性试验

 介绍了复合果蔬果肉饮料的生产工艺,比较了果胶酶处理对液化率的影响,并对几种稳定剂单独或混合使用的效果进行了试验.结果显示,果胶酶处理山楂、胡萝卜其液化率分别比对照提高32.50%和14.52%.各种稳定剂中,单独使用以0.05%～0.10%黄原胶效果最好;混合使用以0.05%～0.10%CMC+0.05%琼脂和0.05%CMC+0.05%～0.10%黄原胶效果最好.     

荸荠去皮机设计与试验

针对荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis(Burm. f.) Trin.)外形不规则以及去皮损失大、去不净的问题,采用平刀去顶芽、斜刀去底部、圆弧刀去侧皮的组合切削方式,设计1种荸荠去皮机。通过对荸荠外形参数的测量与建模,拟合得到荸荠外轮廓曲线,确定刀具的结构参数范围。基于3D打印技术,采用单因素试验,确定了切削速度、底面斜刀倾角与长度、侧面圆弧刀弦长对去皮损失率与去净率的影响,优化得到了适宜的结构参数与运动参数,在转速为40 r/min、底面斜刀倾角为82°、底面斜刀长度为14 mm、侧面圆弧刀弦长为22 mm(直径42.75 mm)的条件下,去净率达到93%,损失率为24.4%,显著高于人工去皮与机械摩擦去皮。     

马铃薯包衣技术研究初报

不同药剂包衣对马铃薯影响不同。用58％甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂、20％病毒A可湿性粉剂包衣可防治马铃薯晚疫病和病毒病,显著提高出苗率和产量。     

长期免耕对不同土层土壤结构与有机碳分布的影响

为探明长期翻耕与免耕条件下不同土层深度土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,在长期定位试验中分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm)采集免耕和常规耕作处理下混合土样和原状土样进行土壤结构与有机碳的测定,结果表明:(1)随着土层的加深,0.5~2.0 mm和大于2.0 mm粒级团聚体含量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,而其他粒级团聚体含量呈增加趋势。免耕更利于提高大粒级团聚体(0.5 mm)的含量,且土壤结构的稳定性显著提高,其作用深度在50 cm以上。(2)随着土层的加深,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为先增加后降低再趋于稳定的趋势。免耕处理在0~80 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均高于常规耕作处理。(3)随着土层的加深,不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量呈降低趋势,大粒级团聚体中含有较高的有机碳。免耕更利于0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量的提高。随着土壤团聚体粒级的降低,土壤活性有机碳含量呈降低趋势。与常规耕作相比,除0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体外,免耕提高了0~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体中活性有机碳含量。(4)随着土层的加深,各粒级团聚体中有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率表现为先降低后增加再降低的趋势。不同粒级团聚体中,大于2.0 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率在0~100 cm土层均低于其他粒级团聚体。在0~20 cm、30~40 cm和90~100 cm土层,免耕处理各粒级团聚体有机碳累积贡献率均高于常规耕作。     

次氯酸钠处理对E.tenella球虫卵囊的影响

１４日龄爱维茵鸡接种Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌａ广东株７．５ｄ后，扑杀，其盲肠粘膜刮取物及内容物以１：５次氯酸钠（含活性氯不低于７．５％）处理２０ｍｉｎ后，离心清洗，加２．５％的重铬酸钾，置敞开的大平皿中，２８℃环境下孢子化。同时设未经次氯酸钠处理的对照组。４８ｈ与７２ｈ后分别取样检查其孢子化率。结果发现，次氯酸钠处理组孢子化率与未经次氯酸钠处理的对照组无显著差异。所得孢子化卵囊接种鸡的试验结果表明，低剂量下，未处理组显示出较强的致病力，不过平均卵囊数相差不大；较高剂量下，处理组病变略轻，而平均卵囊数明显高于未处理对照组。     

福建酸竹造林母竹的选择

福建酸竹造林成活率与其母竹的各器官结构特征发育息息相关 .侧枝型大 ,根系总重大 ,根系分岔级数多 ,且竹鞭上壮芽数丰富的 2～ 4年生竹株移栽易成功 ,尤以 2年生竹株为好     

CO2与氮肥交互作用的番茄光合速率预测模型

为了实现CO2气肥和营养液氮肥含量的准确调控，建立了作物整个生长周期的光合速率预测模型。以番茄为实验对象，设置了3个CO2浓度和3个营养液含氮量的交互处理实验，使用LI-6400型便携式光合速率仪采集叶室内的环境信息和单叶净光合速率。利用多元线性回归方法建立了番茄整个生长周期的光合速率预测模型，模型的相关系数为0.885，调整后的决定系数为0.782。实验结果表明，该模型具有较高预测精度，可为温室CO2气肥浓度和营养液氮肥含量的调控提供理论依据。