中国介质蝴蝶兰输美检疫监管工作初探

介质种苗的检疫问题一直以来是该产品的出口瓶颈,美国一直都限制携带介质的种苗直接输入境。但随着《中国介质兰花输往美国工作计划》及相关法案的发布,中国大陆介质兰花输往美国有望在近期成为现实。本文分析了介质蝴蝶兰出口存在的检疫风险、中美双方存在的监管差异,并提出措施以帮助我国出口企业顺利打开美国市场。     

生物炭改良林地土壤研究进展

中国是世界上人工林面积最大的国家,同时也是林地土壤质量退化最为严峻的国家。如何减缓人工林地力衰退和维持人工林长期生产力等问题,已成为当今中国乃至世界林业科学最为关注的话题。近年来生物炭作为一种新型有效的土壤改良剂被世界各国广泛研究和利用,然而目前对生物炭的土壤改良作用研究多限于农地土壤,对林地土壤改良的综述性报道还不多见。文中从生物炭影响土壤物理学、化学及生物学特性等方面综述了生物炭在改良农林地土壤方面的研究进展,提出了生物炭研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向,以期为生物炭在农业及林地的应用提供理论参考,为改进传统的森林经营措施和实现人工林可持续经营提供借鉴。     

栽培密度与穴栽苗数对水稻产量的影响

采用不同栽培密度与穴栽苗数对水稻产量的影响进行研究。结果表明,不同栽培密度与穴栽苗数对水稻产量均存在极显著影响,咸宁市水稻种植采用宽窄行,即宽行30.00 cm、窄行16.67 cm、株距16.67 cm,密度为25.8万穴/hm2,每穴栽插2粒谷苗产量最高,达10 588.7 kg/hm2。     

Validation of an efficient visual method for estimating leaf area index in clonal Eucalyptus plantations

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecophysiological parameter in forest stands because it characterises the interface between atmospheric processes and plant physiology. Several indirect methods for estimating LAI have been developed. However, these methods have limitations that can affect the estimates. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a visual method for estimating LAI in clonal Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla plantations and to compare it with hemispherical photography, ceptometer and LAI-2000^® estimates. Destructive sampling for direct determination of the actual LAI was performed in 22 plots at two geographical locations in Brazil. Actual LAI values were then used to develop a field guide with photographic images representing an LAI range of 1.0–5.0 m² m^?2 (leaf area/ground area). The visual LAI estimation guide was evaluated with 17 observers in the field. The average difference between actual LAI and visual LAI estimation was 12% and the absolute difference between the two methods was less than or equal to 0.5 m² m^?2 in 77% of plots. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were high between actual LAI and hemispherical photographs (0.8), visual estimation (0.93) and LAI-2000^® (0.99) and low for the ceptometer (0.18). However, absolute values differed among methods, with the average difference between the actual and estimated LAI of [12]% for visual estimation, 28% for the LAI-2000^®, 37% for the ceptometer and ?43% for hemispherical photographs. The LAI-2000^® and ceptometer overestimated LAI in all plots, whereas hemispherical photographs underestimated the values in all measurements, showing that these methods need calibration to be used. No differences were observed between actual LAI and visual estimates across stand ages of 2–8 years and LAI of 1.5–5.3 m² m^?2 (P > 0.05). The results show that visual estimation of LAI in Eucalyptus stands is a practical method that is unaffected by atmospheric characteristics and can be used on an operational scale.     

冬小麦种植面积空间抽样样本布局的优化设计

【目的】样本布局是空间抽样调查方案设计中的关键要素。优化设计样本布局对于提高抽样样本对总体的代表性、降低抽样调查成本、改善抽样外推总体精度具有重要意义。论文针对现有农作物种植面积空间抽样调查技术体系中存在样本布局设计合理性不足的问题（如采用简单随机抽样进行样本布局设计时,无法保证各样本单元间相互独立、彼此间不存在空间相关性;而以往系统等距布样方式又存在样本间隔的制定缺乏科学依据）,进一步提高现行农作物种植面积空间抽样调查效率。【方法】选取安徽省蒙城县和冬小麦种植面积2009年和2010年的冬小麦空间分布数据（分别源自ALOS AVNIR-2 和Landsat5 TM影像提取结果）,通过地统计学理论与“3S”技术（遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位技术）及传统抽样方法相结合,首先,设计8种抽样单元尺寸水平,利用不同种尺寸水平的抽样单元离散抽样区、构建抽样框;其次,选取简单随机抽样方法初选样本单元,利用初选样本构建抽样单元内冬小麦种植面积比例的变异函数理论模型,基于该模型分析抽样单元间空间关联性和异质性,定量确定抽样单元空间关联阈值;然后,遵循传统抽样理论要求样本间相互独立原则,以抽样单元空间关联阈值为抽样间隔,采用空间系统等距的布局方式对冬小麦种植面积空间抽样样本布局进行了优化设计;最后,以简单随机抽样方法为对照,选取抽样外推总体相对误差、总体总值估计量的变异系数（CV）及样本容量为评价指标,对布局优化设计后的抽样样本外推总体精度、稳定性（通过变异系数反映）及抽样成本（通过样本容量反映）进行定量评价试验研究。【结果】抽样单元内冬小麦种植面积比例的变异性随单元尺度的增大而增大,8种单元尺度下的抽样单元内冬小麦种植面积比例的变异系数变化范围为32.75%—43.46%,属中等变异;抽样单元内冬小麦种植面积比例在一定范围内存在强烈的空间相关性,该空间相关性主要由结构性因素（如气候、地形、土壤类型等自然因素）决定。抽样单元内冬小麦种植面积比例的空间关联阈值随抽样单元尺寸的增大而增大;当抽样单元尺寸较小时（500 m×500 m—2 000 m×2 000 m）,在样本容量相同条件下,经布局优化设计后的抽样样本外推总体的相对误差和变异系数明显低于简单随机抽样;当抽样单元尺寸较大时（2 500 m×2 500 m—4 000 m×4 000 m）,布局优化设计后的抽样样本外推总体的相对误差和变异系数虽未明显降低,但样本容量却显著减小。【结论】该文可为改善农作物种植面积空间抽样调查效率提供试验依据。为研究区和研究对象,以正方形网格作为抽样基础单元,基于蒙城县     

济南市粮食生产与耕地变化的分析及预测

采用最小人均耕地面积、耕地压力指数模型、回归分析方法和平滑预测法及Excel软件,在分析1986～2005年济南市耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,对未来15年耕地、人口、粮食、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数进行了预测。结果表明:1986年以来,虽然济南市人均耕地面积持续减少,但由于耕地生产率不断提高,粮食总产量和人均粮食产量总体上呈增加趋势;未来15年,最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数将进一步降低。可见,依靠增加投入和科技进步从而不断提高耕地生产率,是减轻耕地压力、保证粮食安全生产的根本途径。     

华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析

针对近年来华北平原水肥投入不断增加而小麦单产徘徊不前的局面,本研究对山东省惠民县小麦的施肥现状和影响小麦产量的主要因素进行了调查。结果表明,研究地区小麦季农民习惯的氮磷钾肥投入量在不同农户间差异较大,平均为424 kg/hm2N,226 kg/hm2P2O5,88 kg/hm2K2O,其中氮磷肥用量已远超过同期作物养分消耗量。在现有的小麦产量水平和施肥水平条件下,土壤有机质含量和亩穗数对小麦产量的贡献最大,其次为土壤速效磷含量和穗粒数,土壤速效钾和千粒重与小麦籽粒产量没有明显相关性。由于过量氮磷肥施用和高的土壤速效钾含量,不同农户间施肥量的差异对小麦产量影响较小。     

7种杀菌剂和避雨栽培对林下三七圆斑病的防治效果

圆斑病是三七生产上的一种重要毁灭性病害,为筛选防治三七圆斑病的有效防治措施,本研究评估分析了7种杀菌剂和避雨培栽对林下三七圆斑病防治效果估。结果显示,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1500倍、430克/升戊唑醇悬浮剂4000倍、400克/升氟硅唑乳油8000倍、450克/升咪鲜胺乳油1500倍、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍、60%唑醚.代森联水分散粒剂1000倍和30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂1000倍防治效果分别为89.26%、87.26%、86.30%、87.82%、78.80%、81.58%和85.66%,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1500倍的防治效果最好,避雨栽培的防治效果最高可达86.66%,7种杀菌剂和避雨栽培对三七圆斑病均有不同程度的防治效果,对三七生长无不良影响,在生产上可以推广使用,研究结果为三七病害的有效防治奠定了科学基础。     

Effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands on ecosystem respiration: a case study in Inner Mongolia,China

With increasingly intensifying degradation of natural grasslands and rapidly increasing demand of high quality forages, natural grasslands in China have been converted into planted grasslands at an unprecedented rate and the magnitude of the conversion in Inner Mongolia is among the national highest where the areal extent of planted grasslands ranks the second in China. Such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) can significantly affect carbon stocks and carbon emissions in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands(including Medicago sativa, Elymus cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) on ecosystem respiration(F_(eco)) in Inner Mongolia of China. Diurnal F_(eco) and its components(i.e., total soil respiration(F_(ts)), soil heterotrophic respiration(F_(sh)) and vegetation autotrophic respiration(F_(va))) were measured in 2012(27 July to 5 August) and 2013(18 July to 25 July) in the natural and planted grasslands. Meteorological data, aboveground vegetation data and soil data were simultaneously collected to analyze the relationships between respiration fluxes and environmental factors in those grasslands. In 2012, the daily mean F_(eco) in the M. sativa grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(va) was higher in all planted grasslands(i.e., M. sativa, E. cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) than in the natural grassland. In contrast, the daily mean F_(ts) and F_(sh) were lower in all planted grasslands than in the natural grassland. In 2013, the daily mean F_(eco), F_(ts) and F_(va) in all planted grasslands were higher than those in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(sh) in the M. sativa+E. cylindricus grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland. The two-year experimental results suggested that the conversion of natural grasslands into planted grasslands can generally increase the F_(eco) and the increase in F_(eco) is more pronounced when the plantation becomes more mature. The results also indicated that F_(sh) contributed more to F_(eco) in the natural grassland whereas F_(va) contributed more to F_(eco) in the planted grasslands. The regression analyses show that climate factors(air temperature and relative humidity) and soil properties(soil organic matter, soil temperature, and soil moisture) strongly affected respiration fluxes in all grasslands. However, our observation period was admittedly too short. To fully understand the effects of such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) on respiration fluxes, longer-term observations are badly needed.     

晋北丘陵风沙区不同植被恢复模式的土壤化学特征与生态恢复效应

通过对山西省右玉县从高家堡乡至右卫镇的公路两侧乔木林(小叶杨、樟子松、油松和华北落叶松)、灌木丛(沙棘、柠条和乌柳)及各种乔木、乔灌混交林的土壤化学特征分析,评价了乔、灌恢复模式的生态恢复效应。结果表明:(1)不同植被恢复模式的生态恢复效应差异显著,混交林生态恢复效果优于纯林;(2)灌木沙棘、柠条、乌柳在本区生态恢复中的作用突出,特别是豆科植物柠条的生态恢复效果优于其他非豆科植物;(3)乔木种樟子松、油松,灌木种沙棘、柠条、乌柳耐旱、耐寒,生态适应性强,在本区生态修复中作用明显,可用于本区人工植被恢复的植被重建优先物种;(4)本区土壤洁净,适宜发展有机农业。