Role of beneficial microbial gene pool in mitigating salt/nutrient stress of plants in saline soils through underground phytostimulating signalling molecules

Soil salinity diminishes soil health and reduces crop yield, which is becoming a major global concern. Salinity stress is one of the primary stresses, leading to several other secondary stresses that restrict plant growth and soil fertility. The major secondary stresses induced in plants under saline-alkaline conditions include osmotic stress, nutrient limitation, and ionic stress, all of which negatively impact overall plant growth. Under stressed conditions, certain beneficial soil microflora ...     

Seasonal development of biomass yield in grass–legume mixtures on different soils and development of above- and belowground organs of Medicago sativa

Grass–legume mixtures are suitable for crop rotations under organic farming. Little attention has been paid to seasonal development of mixtures with alfalfa under field conditions. We investigated the effects of site and cut on herbage and belowground biomass yields of grass–legume mixture and on above- and belowground traits of Medicago sativa. Six sites in southern Germany were monitored during 2011. Dry matter herbage yield ranged from 9 to 16 t ha^?1. The total herbage yield of three cuts per year decreased from 45% to 36% and 19%. The belowground biomass in the upper 30 cm soil layer ranged from 1.7 to 3.8 t ha^?1.There was no seasonal trend. Diameter of the root neck and maximum order of branching of alfalfa increased during the season. The number of nodules per plant decreased from 9.5–17.0 in May to 7.5–13.0 in August. By the last cut, roots with larger diameter created smaller nodules. More branched roots created more nodules independent of their shape. Thinner roots have more active nodules. Plant height, number of stems and inflorescences per plant were higher in July and August than in May. In conclusion, a holistic analysis including above- and belowground traits should be used for the evaluation of fodder crops.     

Reduced trigonelline accumulation due to rhizobial activity improves grain yield in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract

Crop improvement for drought tolerance is critical for the future of crop production. The objectives were to examine the relationship between trigonelline (TRG) accumulation and yield traits in 10 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes inoculated with two commonly used nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium spp., and to evaluate a role of TRG on growth traits. TRG increased as a defensive metabolite in response to water deficit, but resulted in the reduction of the number of nodules and yield. Symbiotic rhizobial activity helped plants to improve yield particularly in a fully irrigated field rather than under reduced irrigation. TRG concentrations in genotypes (7 out of 10) increased under reduced irrigation as compared with those under full irrigation in two years. Mean number of nodules at maturity (120 days after planting) across genotypes under reduced irrigation were 89 in the control, 111 in Lift, and 161 in Histick treatments, among which Histick was significant (p < 0.05) for nodulation. Mean pod yields in the control, Histick, and Lift treatments were 1.69, 2.34 and 1.87 Mg ha^-1, respectively, under reduced irrigation. Under full irrigation, pod yields were 3.35 in the control, 4.50 in Histick and 3.41 Mg ha^-1 in Lift treatments, but were more significantly improved as treated with Histick than other treatments. Genotype ICGS-76 produced the highest pod yield (5.13 Mg ha^-1) as treated with Histick. All genotypes treated with Histick and Lift biosynthesized less TRG (decreased from 5.8 to 65.3% relative to the control) but produced larger numbers of pods (increased from 9.2 to 80.4% relative to the control), which resulted in substantially higher pod yields.     

高粱花生间作对不同单行作物根系性状及土壤微生物的影响

以高粱品种辽粘3号和花生品种阜花18号为材料,设置高粱单作（S）、花生单作（P）和高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）3个处理,研究高粱花生间作模式土壤微生物群落组成及结构特征差异。间作处理取样位置为相邻行和间隔行,高粱和花生分别命名为S1、S2和P1、P2。结果表明：相同种植面积时,间作高粱产量显著高于单作,间作高粱产量增加36.14%,间作花生产量较单作下降12.86%,高粱花生间作土地当量比提高12.0%;与单作相比,间作高粱S1根长、根体积、根表面积和根系活跃吸收面积分别增加28.01%、12.86%、18.53%和18.42%,间作花生P2分别增加39.87%、66.67%、47.94%和21.43%;高粱根际土壤微生物共检测到种群2 825个,花生2 826个;丰富度指数中,高粱间作处理Chao1值显著高于单作,S1和S2分别增加8.10%和8.23%,花生P2和P1分别增加7.70%和4.23%,高粱花生间作处理微生物数目（Observed OTUs）均显著高于单作;多样性指数中,花生P2的Shannon指数增加了27.60%,间作高粱S1和S2的Simposon指数均显著高于高粱单作;各处理共有优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,同时优势菌门与根系性状间均存在显著正相关关系。主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,土壤微生物群落结构受根长、根体积、根表面积影响,间作模式土壤微生物功能特征高于单作模式。高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）时高粱为优势作物,花生为弱势作物。间作体系显著改善高粱相邻行根系生长发育,同时提高土壤微生物群落功能特征。     

施氮对两优培九根系生长的影响及根系性状与氮素累积量的相关性

2003和2004年,在盆栽条件下以两系超级杂交稻两优培九为材料,设计9个氮肥处理,研究施用氮肥对抽穗期12个根系性状的影响及根系性状与氮素吸收的关系。结果表明：年度间单株不定根数的差异较小,其余11个根系性状以及成熟期氮素累积量的年度间差异均很大;氮处理对抽穗期12个根系性状以及成熟期氮素累积量均有显著或极显著影响;年度与氮处理对单株根干重、单条不定根粗、单条不定根干重、单株根系α-NA氧化量、单株根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积以及成熟期氮素累积量的互作效应均达到显著或极显著水平。在各施氮处理中,增施和早施氮肥能显著增加单株不定根数,施氮量较少且作1次施用时,氮肥作基肥施用的处理单株不定根总长度和根干重最大,施氮量较多且作2次施用时,以基肥＋保花肥施氮组合的单株不定根总长度、根干重、根系α-NA氧化量、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积最大。抽穗期单株的不定根数、不定根总长度、根干重、根系α-NA氧化量、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积与成熟期氮素累积量均呈极显著线性正相关（r=0.591^＊＊～0.850^＊＊）。     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

随机选用3个珍珠豆型和3个普通型花生品种,采用Griffing 双列杂交方法Ⅰ,分析9个农艺性状的配合力.结果表明:(1)主茎高和侧枝长的遗传是加性效应和非加性效应并存,且以加性效应为主;总分枝数和结果枝数的遗传为加性效应和非加性效应并重;饱果数、秕果数和出仁率为加性遗传;单株果重为加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制;籽仁重也同时受加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制,但以加性效应为主.(2)远杂9102是一个饱果率高、出仁率高、丰产性好、遗传基础丰富、配合力高的的优良亲本;狮头企等农家品种也有其特殊的利用价值,且作母本更优.(3)以加性遗传或以加性为主遗传的主茎高、侧枝长、饱果数、秕果数和出仁率等性状可在早代开始选择,其它性状可在中高世代进行选择,并讨论了供试亲本的利用价值和后代选择的有关问题.     

大豆主要生育性状与产量间的关系分析

生育期、株高、分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重等性状是大豆主要生育性状.通过对生育期、株高、分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重等性状的相关分析和灰色关联度分析,结果表明,分枝数、单株荚数是影响产量的关键因素.     

不同谷子品种形态特征和光合生理特性分析

以14个常规谷子栽培品种为试验材料,在相同栽培条件下,研究了其主要形态特征指标、光合生理特性指标和产量的变化,结果显示,参试品种的形态特征指标、净光合速率和产量均存在较大差异,其中,品种间净光合速率存在极显著差异,且抽穗期和灌浆期间的净光合速率差异大于品种间的净光合速率差异。并对形成产量的主要性状指标与产量参数的相关性进行了分析,结果显示,谷子净光合速率与产量呈显著正相关,且灌浆期的显著性水平高于抽穗期;水分利用效率和叶绿素含量与产量呈正相关,单穗重、穗粒重、出谷率和千粒重与产量呈负相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平;千粒重与净光合速率、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量的相关系数均不高,且相关性均未达到显著水平;抽穗期净光合速率与叶绿素含量的相关系数(0.492)灌浆期净光合速率与叶绿素含量的相关系数(0.232),在叶片叶绿素含量较低时增加叶绿素含量可以提高谷子的净光合速率,但当叶片叶绿素含量达到一定程度后,再增加叶绿素含量,谷子的净光合速率不一定继续增加。     

中棉所49及其亲本中棉所35主要农艺性状与产量性状的通径分析

选用2002年和2003年中棉所49及其亲本中棉所35西北内陆棉区早中熟组国家棉花区域试验结果,对2个品种的产量性状和产量进行了分析,结果显示,中棉所49的丰产性好于中棉所35,主要归因于其具有较高的铃重;并对棉花产量性状与产量之间的关系以及主要农艺性状与产量性状之间的关系进行了通径分析,以探寻对产量影响较大的性状因子,结果显示,铃数和铃重对产量作用较大,且铃数对产量的效应铃重效应,同时,生育期、株高、果枝始节和子指通过影响产量构成因子对棉花产量的形成也有间接贡献,其中出苗~开花所需天数最为重要。本研究结果可为新疆棉区棉花生态育种和高产栽培提供重要信息。     

巨胚杂交稻的农艺及产量性状

以2个巨胚不育系及其相应的2个非巨胚不育系,3个巨胚恢复系、2个非巨胚恢复系为材料,配制一套共20个半双列杂交组合,研究巨胚(ge)基因对杂交稻的若干生物学特性的影响。结果表明:ge基因对杂交稻主要农艺性状和部分产量性状没有显著影响,但ge基因使杂交稻的千粒重、容重、理论产量和实际产量下降,且只有在纯合时才有显著表达。含杂合geGE基因也使其上述性状有所下降,但幅度明显小于gege纯合基因。