降雨及助剂对咪唑乙烟酸药效的影响

以苘麻Abutilon theophrasti为测试植物,研究了施药后降雨和助剂对咪唑乙烟酸除草活性的影响。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸有较好的耐雨性,药后2 h内无降雨,可保持相当的防效,药后4~8 h内无降雨,与无降雨的没有显著差异。添加非离子表面活性剂能明显提高咪唑乙烟酸的除草活性。其中增效作用从大到小依次为:AM-100＞PPJ-15＞OP-10＞SDP,咪唑乙烟酸的IC50值分别比未加助剂处理的下降了33.6%、35.4%、29.5%和17.1%。咪唑乙烟酸的用量越低,助剂的增效作用越明显。     

乙烯利对草甘磷在空心莲子草中传导及生物活性的影响

在人工气候室培养空心莲子草,植株经草甘膦与乙烯利混合处理后,测定对植株的抑制作用和草甘膦的吸收与传导量。结果表明,加入乙烯利(100mg·L~(-1))后草甘膦(300mg·L~(-1))对地下根茎抑制率比对照提高了13.6个百分点。植株经乙烯利喷雾处理后,基芽、地下茎和根系中~(14)C-草甘膦含量分别是对照的3.56、1.75和2.35倍。放射性成像图显示,植株地下茎与根系中~(14)C-草甘膦传导量明显高于对照。     

Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid applied as a herbicide on fruit shedding and coffee yield

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) applied as a herbicide at two timings after coffee blossoming, on fruit shedding from lower or upper plagiotropic branches on the canopy, as well as on crop yield. 2,4-D was sprayed between the rows on a 0.75 m-wide strip of land, starting on the border of canopy projection. Toxicity to the plants, final crop yield per plant and fruit shedding (FS) were assessed. The identical FS was observed for both application timings. Control plots showed an FS 13% lower than those where the highest 2,4-D dose was employed. FS was greater on the lower branches (46.8%) than on the upper ones (39.4%). This was probably due to injury to the lower plant canopy caused by the 2,4-D drift. Ripe or dried cherries and coffee bean yield per plant were not affected. It was concluded that despite the increased FS in the lower plant canopy, final coffee production was not significantly affected in response to 2,4-D application.     

叶面处理除草剂对防风等中药材的药害症状观察

试验研究了芳氧苯氧丙酸类等7类15种除草剂对防风、何首乌、地黄、透骨草的药害情况,通过药害症状观察,筛选可以安全使用的除草剂及剂量。结果表明:在试验剂量处理范围内,防风田施用骠马、收乐通、高效盖草能、精喹禾灵、喹禾灵、苯磺隆、烟嘧磺隆的1～4剂量处理,世玛1和2剂量处理较为安全。何首乌田施用骠马、收乐通、精喹禾灵、喹禾灵的1～5剂量处理,烟嘧磺隆的1～4剂量处理,高效盖草能的1～3剂量处理较为安全。地黄田施用骠马、收乐通、高效盖草能、精喹禾灵、喹禾灵、烟嘧磺隆的1～5剂量处理,苯磺隆的1～3剂量处理较为安全。透骨草田施用骠马、精喹禾灵、收乐通、高效盖草能、喹禾灵、乙羧氟草醚,各剂量处理均较为安全。百草枯和草甘膦在供试药材田均不安全,不能施用。     

试析秀山县化学除草剂药害原因及其防控措施

化学除草剂的大量使用,减轻农民劳动强度、减少劳力使用量、提高了工效,但也给当季或后茬作物造成的严重药害。本文总结了近年来秀山县除草剂药害现象,分析药害产生的原因,提出防控措施。     

不同品种玉米对烟嘧磺隆的耐药性研究进展

烟嘧磺隆是广谱灭生性、内吸传导型除草剂,广泛应用于玉米苗期杂草的控制。由于不同品种玉米对烟嘧磺隆的耐药性不同,因此部分品种玉米因其发生严重药害的问题屡见报道。文章从烟嘧磺隆的作用机理、不同品种玉米对烟嘧磺隆的耐药性鉴定以及玉米抗烟嘧磺隆的遗传机制等方面进行了综述,阐述了目前对玉米抗烟嘧磺隆基因的定位尚不明确,烟嘧磺隆在玉米体内代谢机制的研究还比较困难等问题,认为未来可通过对玉米抗烟嘧磺隆内源基因的发掘以及实现基因的最终转化来提高不同品种玉米的耐药性。     

减压浓缩对沼液CO 2 吸收性能和植物生理毒性的影响

利用减压浓缩试验装置在50℃和2 k Pa下对沼液进行浓缩,分别测试了沼液、沼液浓缩相及冷凝回收稀相的CO2吸收性能和植物生理毒性。结果表明,沼液减压浓缩到4倍时,沼液浓缩相p H值升高至8.73,其饱和CO2吸收负荷增加26.70%,氨氮去除率为86.41%。浓缩相中的大部分氨氮以自由氨的形式转移到沼液稀相中,使稀相p H值达到10.05,饱和CO2吸收负荷达0.075 mol/L。但浓缩相和稀相的净CO2吸收容量之和比原沼液降低21.3%,其主要原因在于减压浓缩过程中自由氨的挥发损失。用原沼液、浓缩沼液及稀相的富CO2溶液育种时,大白菜种子的发芽指数(GI)均大于0.8,表现出较低的植物生理毒性,说明减压浓缩可降低消纳沼液所需的农田面积。试验中也对不同类型CO2吸收强化添加剂的性能进行了比较。在相同的CO2吸收强化性能要求下,钠盐添加剂组富CO2沼液的植物生理毒性低于氨水添加剂组,其主要原因在于添加氨水导致了沼液氨氮含量的大幅增加。     

Fusaric Acid Production by Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp. lilii and its Role in the Lily Basal Rot Disease

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii (Fol), the causal agent of lily basal rot, produced fusaric acid (FA) in aseptic culture. This toxin induced phytotoxicity symptoms on in vitro-grown lily bulblets of two different cultivars: the Fol-susceptible cultivar was more sensitive to the toxin than the Fol-resistant cultivar. When cultured in the presence of FA, the Fol-susceptible cultivar showed a greater tendency to accumulate FA within its tissues than the Fol-resistant cultivar. The polyphenol oxidase activity of the bulblets was inhibited by 1mmolL^–1 FA in both the cultivars, while at lower FA concentrations the enzyme activity increased only in the Fol-susceptible cultivar. Peroxidase showed a steady activity at the 1mmolL^–1 FA concentration in both the cultivars, while at lower FA dosages its activity increased. Within the Fol-infected in vivo tissues of both the lily cultivars, FA was detectable only in traces. The role of this toxin in the lily basal rot disease seems therefore to be of marginal importance.     

土壤镉生物毒性的影响因素研究进展

近年来,随着工业三废排放和污水污泥农用的增多,土壤镉污染问题日益严重,而土壤中过量的镉会对作物产生毒害,尤其是在可食部分的残留将会通过食物链危害人类的健康,为此,国内外专家对镉污染毒性的影响因素进行了广泛深入的研究,本文对这些研究取得的成果和存在的问题进行了综述。     

纳米二氧化钛对镉胁迫下小白菜毒性效应的影响

为了探究二氧化钛纳米颗粒(TiO_2 NPs)对镉(Cd)胁迫下植物生长生理的影响,以小白菜(Brassica rapa var. glabra)为受试植物,采用水培实验,测定了生物量、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素、抗氧化酶活性、超微结构及小白菜根部、地上部中Cd、Ti含量等指标。结果表明:TiO_2 NPs增强了Cd对小白菜的生长抑制,株高和干质量分别降低了5.31%和29.79%(P0.05);TiO_2 NPs使Cd在小白菜根部和地上部的富集水平分别显著增加了64.86%和58.30%(P0.05);TiO_2 NPs显著加强Cd对小白菜幼苗MDA含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响;超微结构显示,单一Cd胁迫下小白菜幼苗叶绿体基粒片层模糊且排列紊乱;Cd与TiO_2 NPs共存时小白菜根、叶细胞中有大量的TiO_2 NPs团聚体,细胞壁折叠、内陷,椭圆叶绿体变圆,类囊体膨胀解体,残存的基粒和基质类囊体更加肿胀、疏松,叶绿素含量显著降低。研究表明,TiO_2 NPs作为载体显著促进了小白菜根系对Cd的吸收,并使其转运至地上部,引起膜脂过氧化,破坏幼苗的叶绿体结构和抗氧化系统,增强Cd对小白菜生长的抑制作用。