浅论不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响——以会泽头塘小流域为例

随着社会经济的发展,人地矛盾日益尖锐,自然植被遭到严重破坏,土壤严重退化,因此,恢复植被及恢复土壤生态环境,提高森林或人工林生产力,促进森林尽快发挥其经济与生态功能势在必行。为此,本文以自然植被针叶混交林地为参照,同针叶人工纯林地、阔叶人工纯林地、针叶人工混交林地进行比较,探讨不同植被类型土壤物理性状的差异和动态过程,客观揭示土壤物理特性变化与人为干预影响之间的关系。     

Spalling and Physical Properties of Cement-Based Material Under Instantaneous High Temperature

Cement-based material has different spalling and physical properties after exposing to different high temperatures. The spalling and physical properties of cement-based material with different additives after exposing to instantaneous high temperature were analyzed. The results show that: all samples have no spalling both at 100℃ and 300℃, but spalling completely at 600℃. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the cement-based material at 100℃ decrease by the rate of 15% and 30%, and the value at 300℃ is close to that at room temperature and decreases rapidly after exposing to 600℃. Both the compressive and the flexural strength of samples with 20% slag powder and 10% silica fume increase with the increase of the temperature when the temperature is below 300℃. SEM reflects that after exposing to 600℃ for 2 hours, C-S-H has changed into a looser structure, and the continuously cement paste is separated into segments.     

楸树新无性系木材的物理力学性质

对采自于河南省南阳市的21年生楸树新无性系宛楸8401和宛楸8402与生产上广泛应用的金丝楸无性系进行木材主要物理力学性质的对比研究.结果表明:3个无性系的基本密度、气干密度、端面硬度、弦面硬度、径面硬度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗拉强度、冲击韧性、弦向抗剪强度和径向抗剪强度差异极显著,宛楸8401和金丝楸相近,且显著优于宛楸8402;3个无性系的成熟材与幼龄材的物理力学性质也表现出显著差异;与黄菠萝、核桃楸、红椿和香樟相比,宛楸8401和金丝楸与香樟和黄菠萝相近,优于红椿,但是比核桃楸稍差,宛楸8402与红椿相近.     

Applications of Green Tea Extract in Bakery Products

Green tea extract （GTE） is a rich source of tea catechins with antioxidative,anticarcinogenic and antiarteriosclerotic activities and it has been applied in food such as bakery products to provide health benefits and extend the shelf life.This review outlines the stability of green tea catechins during baking process of bakery products supplemented with GTE and the effects of GTE on the functional properties,sensory properties,physical characteristics and Maillard reaction of bakery products.     

萎凋过程鲜叶理化特性变化及其调控技术研究进展

萎凋是红茶、乌龙茶等发酵茶加工的重要工序之一,对茶叶感官品质影响明显。萎凋过程中,随着水分的不断散失,鲜叶的呼吸作用持续进行,内质成分发生剧烈变化,促使萎凋叶物理特性发生改变,为后续工序和品质形成提供特定的物质和叶形基础。文章对萎凋过程中鲜叶的物理特性和生化成分变化规律,以及目前萎凋工艺关键参数的调控技术等进行了系统综述。可精准调控环境温度、湿度、光照、通气状况等参数的设施萎凋技术是今后萎凋技术发展的重要方向。     

深冷速冻保鲜技术对舟山杨梅品质的影响

采用深冷（-60℃）速冻保鲜技术,以舟山杨梅为研究对象,在无太阳光照的条件下自然解冻,研究不同冷藏时间对杨梅果实的失重率、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量、呼吸强度、果实硬度、腐败率及感观评定等理化指标的影响。结果表明：在-60℃的冷藏条件下,保藏6个月的杨梅的失重率较新鲜杨梅减少3．35％,较冷藏3个月后杨梅的呼吸强度降低51．5％,果实硬度降低7．1％,可溶性固形物的含量降低2％,总酸的含量降低0．19％,腐烂率增加5％。综合分析结果表明,采用深冷（-60℃）速冻保鲜技术保藏的杨梅,在3-6个月其营养品质变化较小。该研究将为杨梅的精深加工提供理论基础。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地植被恢复后土壤理化性质

以大兴安岭重度火烧迹地经过植被恢复后形成的4种林分类型为研究对象,研究重度火烧迹地在经过植被恢复后,不同林分类型土壤理化学性质的变化。研究结果表明:与对照样地相比,樟子松林土壤pH值升高,兴安落叶松林、白桦林和山杨林土壤pH值均降低。兴安落叶松林、白桦林和山杨林土壤有机质、全N、水解N、全P、有效P质量分数均有不同程度的升高。兴安落叶松林和白桦林土壤密度降低,樟子松林和山杨林的土壤密度升高。白桦林土壤孔隙度最好。综合比较可以看出,大兴安岭重度火烧迹地经过植被恢复后,兴安落叶松林、白桦林和山杨林均在一定程度上改良了土壤。     

三峡库区香溪河支流放流滤食性鱼类后理化特征的比较研究

从2010年4月至2012年12月对香溪河支流7批次放流滤食性鱼类苗种1 468万尾,对放流前与放流后的水域理化因子特征进行常规监测.结果显示,放流滤食性鱼种后总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)、总磷(TP)、正磷酸盐磷(PO4-P)、化学耗氧量(COD)、叶绿素a要明显低于放流前,投放苗种前平均值分别为3.10 mg/L、0.421 mg/L、0.048 mg/L、2.869 mg/L、0.549 mg/L、0.299 mg/L、16.563 mg/L、26.447 mg/m3;放流鱼种后平均值分别为2.20 mg/L、0.065 mg/L、0.022 mg/L、1.643 mg/L、0.495 mg/L、0.155 mg/L、10.465 mg/L、6.608 mg/m3.放流前支流营养化TLI为67.0、放流后为56.4,香溪河支流水域呈轻度富营养化(TLI＞53).为生态修复调控水华发生建议香溪河支流水域每年放流滤食性鱼类苗种.     

Evaluation of the feed intake models in the Nordic feed evaluation system NorFor

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feed intake models in the Nordic feed evaluation system NorFor. Data from 196 feeding experiments with dairy cows, and 17 experiments of periodical data, and 135 experiments of complete data with growing cattle were used in the evaluation by mixed model regression. The feed intake by both dairy cows and growing cattle were overestimated by the models. A linear bias indicated that over prediction increased with level of intake both by dairy cows and growing cattle. Most animal and diet factors were significantly related to the residuals, which indicated that those factors did not act independently in the predictions of feed intake. This kind of errors can restrict future ration formulation and animal performance, since animal production parameters included in the prediction models will be a consequence of the diet fed at the time they were measured.     

Relations between woody and herbaceous components and the effects of bush‐clearing in southern African savannas

The relations between woody and herbaceous plants in southern African savannas are reviewed in the context of pastoral use. Current knowledge is summarized, important gaps are indicated and research priorities are suggested. Although all savannas consist of a grass and a woody component, the physical determinants, biological interactions and individual species properties are unique to each spatial and temporal situation. In addition, past management has resulted in different kinds and degrees of modification. Primary and secondary determinants are discussed in terms of how they influence the structure and productivity of savanna communities. More than one outcome is possible to any competitive interaction owing to the modification of the effects of determinants by changing weather sequences, asymmetrical competition and biological interactions. This contrasts sharply with the conventional rangeland succession model. Relations between woody and herbaceous plants are often discontinuous because of the dynamic interactions between determinants, plants and herbivory. There is an apparent discrepancy between the convex and concave response of grass productivity to increasing woody biomass. It is hypothesized that a single discontinuous function explains this apparent discrepancy. This unifying theorem accounts for the modifications due to changes in levels of determinants and different species mixes within and between sites. With a few notable exceptions, research in southern Africa has been of an ad hoc, empirical and limited nature. It has not aimed at achieving an understanding and a predictive capability beyond the site and circumstances of individual trials themselves. A case is made for a systems‐orientated research approach, so that site and situation‐specific problems can be solved to fulfil management objectives.