施肥对金沙江干热河谷退化草地土壤微生物的影响

在金沙江干热河谷区的退化草地上进行了2年的氮磷施肥试验,试验结束后分析了土壤特性及土壤微生物数量和生物量的变化。结果表明,在施氮量为5 ,15g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量均没有明显变化,而当施氮量增加到2 5g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量比对照明显增加。施磷没有引起土壤微生物数量和生物量的明显增加。施氮和施磷均没有引起土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌组成的变化。这表明氮虽然影响土壤微生物的数量,但对土壤微生物的组成没有影响。施氮导致土壤硝态氮增加,但对氨态氮影响不大,硝态氮可能是影响土壤微生物数量的重要因素。施氮和施磷后植物群落地上生物量均出现增加的趋势,但土壤有机质没有明显增加。施氮和施磷也没有引起土壤pH和含水率的明显改变。我们的试验结果表明,在干热河谷退化草地生态系统,仅靠短期施用无机肥料恢复土壤微生物群落是困难的     

解磷菌剂对作物生长和土壤磷素的影响

利用课题组自行分离筛选的B2和B67解磷菌株研制的菌剂，在盆栽和大田试验过程中，菌剂在增加作物产量的同时，有提高土壤速效磷含量、培肥土壤的作用，而且是菌剂和化肥配合施用效果显著。施用了解磷菌剂或菌剂和化肥配合施用后，盆栽玉米的株高、鲜重和干重，较CK增加15．2％～89．2％，玉米单株吸养量较CK增加20％～146％；青菜的鲜重、干重和生物量较CK增加15．8％～41．6％，和CK比较差异显著；小麦的株高、有效小穗数、穗粒数、粒重以及生物量也较CK差异显著，大田试验的几种作物也有不同程度的增产。另外B2和B67接种到山西省典型土壤中，土壤速效磷含量较CK增加1．35～3．04倍，且发现其溶磷效果和土壤磷酸酶活性与有效活菌数相关，解磷菌剂在提高土壤速效磷含量的同时，也有提高土壤速效钾含量的作用。     

生物有机肥中磷细菌对难溶性磷的有效化研究

通过土壤盆栽试验，在生物有机肥中加入固氮菌、磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌等有益微生物并与磷矿粉混合施用来栽培玉米，研究其中的磷细菌对土壤中难溶性磷的有效化作用。结果表明，在不施肥、施用磷矿粉、含磷细菌生物有机肥、不含磷细菌生物有机肥4个处理中，处理3更能促进玉米的生长、增加植株体内NPK养分的积累，特别是在肥力较低的土壤上表现更为显著。处理3也提高了土壤中的速效磷养分含量。     

豫东沙区冬小麦套作花生轮作制度中磷肥分配施用效果的研究

在豫东沙区进行冬小麦套作花生轮作制度中磷肥分配施用效果试验。结果表明:冬小麦套作花生生长周期中土壤速效磷的变化规律为“冬低夏高”,最低值出现在冬小麦出苗至起身期,最高值出现在花生苗期至结荚期,施用磷肥不改变这一规律;施用磷肥具有明显的以磷增氮效应,冬小麦和花生的氮素吸收利用率分别增加7%~20%和12%~24%;在冬小麦套作花生轮作周期中磷肥分配应掌握“重冬轻夏”的原则,但在土壤速效磷含量较低、磷肥相对不足情况下,一次大量集中施用应慎重。     

Harmonisation, standardisation for soil and sediment fractionation studies, and usefulness in assessment and risk management

Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation (consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation) as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects.     

pH对针铁矿表面磷酸盐吸附的化学形态的影响

Chemical forms of the phosphate adsorbed on goethite surfaces and characteristics of the coordinate groups which exchange with P on goethite surfaces in solutions with different pll values were investigated.Results showed that the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces changed from the dominance of monodentate corrdination to that of bidentate one with increasing pH of the solution.By influencing types of phosphate ions in solutions,pH affected the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces,The amount of OH^- displaced by phosphae on goethite surfaces was the most at pH 7.0,the second at pH 9.0,and the least at pH 4.5.     

根－土界面区域磷酸盐的分布和移动: Ⅱ. 土壤水分含量和磷酸盐施用量的影响

The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates of phosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form of C/Co= ax^b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a and b are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher and the depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content the depletion range was wider, generally. The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensity of phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, which decreased with increasing clay content or increasing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessal soil and black lou soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in the form of KH₂PO₄. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.     

The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.