大豆抗食心虫性的遗传及抗虫育种方法研究——Ⅱ.开花期和成熟期与虫食率的关系

以一个营养生长期长的有限型大豆品系通交83—932与营养生长期短的无限型品系公交8324—19和亚有限型品种吉林27号杂交获得开花期和生育期广泛分离的F_2群体,在虫害大发生的条件下靠自然害虫群体在田间鉴定了亲本,F_1和F_2代的抗虫性,研究了开花期和成熟期对大豆抗虫性表现的影响。结果表明,三个组合F_2代单株的虫食率与开花期和成熟期均呈极显著负相关。开花期和虫食率间的关系较复杂,受多种因素的影响,可以用多项式曲线拟合。对一组正反交组合的研究表明,用营养生长期长的材料做母本时,F_2代低虫食率单株的频率显著高于其反交组合。在抗虫筛选中,按成熟期严格分组,在组内进行抗虫性选择有助于减少生育期的干拢,提高准确性。     

通过种子培养方法提高油菜贮藏种质发芽率及成苗率

以在昆明自然贮藏条件下贮藏了1a-17a的甘蓝型油菜种子为材料，探讨通过种子培养方法来获得比常规方法高的发芽率和成苗率。试验结果表明：通过种子培养方法能有效提高贮藏种质的发芽率和成苗率，发芽率比对照提高0%-25%，成苗率提高0%-25.6%。     

向日葵皮壳率杂种优势表现及应用的研究

文中采用不完全双列杂交随机区组设计。分析了皮壳率的杂种优势表现及其与亲本值和配合力值的关系。结果表明:皮壳率性状有负向优势存在,占总组合数的33.33％。皮壳率性状的优势表现仅与特殊配合力值有极显著正相关,与母本表型值呈极显著负相关,而与其他类型的亲本表型值和配合力值无相关关系。这对提高育种效率将起到积极的作用。     

白桦树高级单株木材种出材率表的编制

本文利用白桦的测径样木，结合最优的削度方程，编制了白桦树高级单木材种出材率表，精度较高。可在生产实践中加以应用。     

Microbial and Enzyme Activities of Saline and Sodic Soils

Salinization and sodication are abiotic soil factors, important hazards to soil fertility and consequently affect the crop production. Soil salinization is of great concern for irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world; sodicity is characterized by an excessively high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange system. In recent times, attention has been turned to study the impacts of these factors (salinity and sodicity) on soil microbial activities. Microbial activities play central role in degradation and decomposition of soil organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and stabilization of soil aggregates. To understand the ecology of soil system, therefore, it is important to be conversant with the soil microbial activities, which show quick response to little change in the soil environment. Microbial activities (generally measured as C–N dynamics, soil respiration–basal respiration, or CO₂ emission), microbial abundance, microbial biomass, quotients (microbial and metabolic) and microbial community structure, and soil enzymes have been considered as potential indicators to assess the severity of the land degradation and the effectiveness of land use management. Therefore, it is important to synthesize the available information regarding microbial activities in use and management of salt‐affected soils. The reclamation and management of such soils and their physico‐chemical properties have been reviewed well in the literature. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the current knowledge about the effects of soil salinization and sodication on microbial and enzyme activities and identify research gaps for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

种子发芽纸测试报告

发芽纸是种子发芽试验必需的材料。国内首次研制成的专用种子发芽纸具有吸水快、持水性好、韧度大、厚度适中等特点。该纸无毒性、幼根不易穿透,且成本低。它既可衬垫于发芽容器中,更宜作发芽纸卷。试用结果表明,它能广泛适用于农作物、蔬菜、牧草、瓜、豆类等各种种子的发芽试验。在植物种子科学研究和生产实际中,经常需要进行种子发芽试验,一般的种子发芽试验常采用纸张作为发芽床。为使种子正常发芽和便于检查发芽结果,要求发芽纸有良好的理化特性。对此,国际种子检验协会对种子发芽纸的质地、灰分、韧度和吸水性能等有明确的规定指标,如要求纸张有足够强度,在发芽试验操作中不致撕破;质地要通透多孔,但幼根不能穿入纸中。国外已有不少国家都生产有专用的种子发芽纸,而国内至今还没有一种专门供种子发芽用的纸张,长期以来使用的是普通滤纸、卫生纸、乃至黄草纸等代用品。这些纸张在协调种子发芽所需的水气条件方面存有不少缺陷,其质地、强度或吸水性等都达不到要求。为了填补国内这一空白,浙江农业大学种子科学中心和浙江民丰造纸厂造纸研究所自1987年开始进行种子发芽纸的研制。经过多次反复研制和测试,已研制成功一种种子发芽纸。它厚度适中,既可平垫于玻皿之中,又可用作发芽纸卷,且成本低于目前代用的普通滤纸。经数家种子部门试用,反应良好。此将发芽纸研制过程中生物学适用性测试的部分内容报告如下。     

芝麻基因雄性不育系的研究

通过群体改良对芝麻雄性不育原始材料进行基因重组，产生了大量优秀变异。用系内连续姊妹交，回效等手段育在敢综合农艺性状良好，不育度为９９％以上，不育株率稳定在５０％左右可供可杂交种生产应用的ｍｓ８６－１不育系。形态学研究证明，所选不育系雄蕊败育彻 底，雌蕊发育正常，具有正常的结籽能力；小孢子败育发生在四分体后的无液泡小孢子期；雄性不育性具有良好的环境稳定性。根据初步的遗传分析推测，不育性可能不是受单隐     

Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. × A. Fatua L. Crosses

Summary Gene action and heritability of groat protein percentage were determined in F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations of nine crosses between three Avena sativa L. cultivars and three A. fatua L. selections. Relationships among groat protein percentage, grain yield, and 100-seed weight also were evaluated. The three A. sativa parents were Dal (high grain yield and intermediate groat protein percentage), Goodland (low grain yield and high groat protein percentage), and Stout (high grain yield and low groat protein percentage). The three A. fatua parents were chosen for the study on the basis of vigorous plant growth and high groat protein percentage. The study was conducted at Madison, Wisconsin in 1979 and 1980.There was partial dominance towards low groat protein percentage. Narrow sense heritability estimates for groat protein percentage were low in Dal and Goodland crosses and intermediate in Stout crosses. In the F₂ generation, groat protein percentage was significantly higher in shattering than in nonshattering plants in 1979, but not in 1980. There were significant, positive correlations between groat protein percentage, 100-seed weight, and grain yield in F₁ and F₂ generations, but they were not large numerically. Relationships among these traits were either negative or nonsignificant in the F₃ generation. Although our results indicated that selection for higher groat protein percentage is possible when a low protein A. sativa cultivar is used, most of our simple cross progenies from A. sativa x A. fatua crosses had weak straw and were susceptible to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda. var. avenae Fraser and Led.).     

磁场处理水对蔬菜种子发芽影响的初步研究

本研究采用0.025T、0.05T、0.1 T(T:特斯拉)剂量的磁场处理水对结球甘蓝、白尖叶莴苣和短叶十三萝卜的种子进行浸种处理.结果表明:不同剂量的磁场处理水浸泡蔬菜种子与对照(非磁场处理水浸泡种子)在发芽率和发芽势上存在显著的差异,其中以0.1T磁场处理水浸泡蔬菜种子的效果为最好.     

小豆种子活力的初步研究

早熟、丰产、抗逆性强的小豆新品种的选育以及大田生产中选用优质小豆种子均需要了解种子的活力水平。本研究选用3个小豆品种的新、陈种子,应用电导率法和发芽法进行种子活力测定,结果表明:小豆种子试样间在电导率、发芽势、发芽率、幼苗生长量和活力指数等方面均存在差异。不同品种间种子活力水平表现为红小豆LSH1>绿小豆>红小豆8937;同一品种的活力水平表现为新种子>陈种子;电导率值与种子活力指数呈显著负相关(r=-0.8667)。本研究认为,电导率法是测定小豆种子活力的一种简便、快速、有效的方法。