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31.
苗木立枯病的频发、危害性大,结合我县近年来针对此病的具体防御措施,从苗木立枯病的类型、病原、发病规律、防御措施等方面行文,综合介绍、全面认识苗木立枯病,只有如此才能把苗木病害降到最低。 相似文献
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猪链球菌2型(SS2)是一种重要的人兽共患病病原菌,其主要毒力因子包括荚膜多糖、溶菌酶释放蛋白、溶血素、纤连蛋白结合蛋白、谷氨酸脱氢酶等,但是这些经典的毒力因子不足以解释猪链球菌病发病的临床症状,而且毒力表型往往与实际毒力及临床症状不符。近年来随着研究的深入,鉴定出一系列毒力相关元件,主要有Sao蛋白、存在于89K毒力岛的双信号转导系统(salk-salR)、dltA基因、pgdA基因、srtA基因、Ⅳ型二肽基肽酶(dipeptidyl peptidaseⅣ,DPPⅣ)、毒力调控子R(control of virulence R,CovR)、烯醇酶(enolase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GlnA)等。论文对以上毒力因子研究进展进行综述,以期为SS2毒力因子及致病机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
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狂犬病病毒的分子生物学研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种急性致死性人兽共患病,危害极大,因此,对狂犬病病毒的研究已成为一大热点。目前各国研究的重点主要集中在其病毒的分子生物学方面,以便更有效地防制本病。文章从病毒基因组及其编码的蛋白、致病机理等方面系统综述了狂犬病病毒分子生物学方面的研究进展,为该病的早期诊断、有效预防和控制该病提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: Little is known about entry and subsequent multiplication of Streptococcus equi following exposure of a susceptible horse. This information would have value in design of intranasal vaccines and understanding of shedding and protective immune responses. Objectives: To determine entry points and sites of subsequent replication and dispersion of S. equi at different times after intranasal infection or commingling exposure. Methods: Previously unexposed horses and ponies were subjected to euthanasia 1, 3, 20 or 48 h following intranasal inoculation with biotin labelled or unlabelled S. equi CF32. Some ponies were inoculated with suspensions of equal numbers of CF32 and its mutants lacking capsule, S. equi M‐like protein or streptolysin S. Others were infected by commingling exposure and subjected to euthanasia after onset of fever. Tonsils and lymph nodes were cultured for S. equi and tissues sectioned for histopathological examination and fluorescent microscopy. Results: Tonsillar tissues of both the oro‐ and nasopharynx served as portals of entry. Entry was unexpectedly rapid but involved few bacteria. Small numbers of organisms were detected in tonsillar crypts, in adjacent subepithelial follicular tissue and draining lymph nodes 3 h after inoculation. By 48 h, clumps of S. equi were visible in the lamina propria. At onset of fever, tonsillar tissues and one or more mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were heavily infiltrated by neutrophils and long chains of extracellular S. equi. Mutant S. equi lacking virulence factors were not seen in draining lymph nodes. Conclusions: Although very small numbers of S. equi entered the lingual and nasopharyngeal tonsils, carriage to regional lymph nodes occurred within hours of inoculation. This observation, together with visual evidence of intracellular and extracellular multiplication of S. equi in tonsillar lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes over the following days, indicates involvement of potent antiphagocytic activity and failure of innate immune defences. Relevance: Future research should logically address the tonsillar immune mechanisms involved including identification of effector cell(s) and antigens. 相似文献
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Verticillium dahliae causes severe yield reductions in a variety of important annual crops worldwide. Control of verticillium wilt has relied on soil fumigation; however, the use of the main soil fumigant, methyl bromide, has been banned in the European Union since 2010, creating a demand for novel crop protectants. As such, the use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) is an appealing management strategy. Prerequisites for the development of a successful BCA are an understanding of the modes of action of the antagonist, its ecological fitness and an efficient and economically feasible delivery system. Therefore, two BCAs (Paenibacillus alvei K165 or the nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum F2) and two release strategies (seed coating or amendment of the transplant soil plug) were assessed against verticillium wilt of aubergine (eggplant). Mixing the transplant soil plug with K165 or F2, at a rate of 10 and 20% (v/v), respectively, reduced verticillium wilt symptom development. Furthermore, a positive correlation was revealed between the release strategy and the BCA rhizosphere population. Correlation analysis also showed that disease severity was negatively correlated to the rhizosphere size of the BCA population. In addition, qPCR analysis showed that both BCAs induced the expression of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins PR1 and PR4 in the stem of aubergines before and after inoculation with V. dahliae in a manner that suggests a link with the rhizosphere size of the BCA population. 相似文献
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Bruno B. Chomel Henri-Jean Boulouis Edward B. Breitschwerdt Rickie W. Kasten Muriel Vayssier-Taussat Richard J. Birtles Jane E. Koehler Christoph Dehio 《Veterinary research》2009,40(2)
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause characteristic host-restricted hemotropic infections in mammals and are typically transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In the mammalian reservoir, these bacteria initially infect a yet unrecognized primary niche, which seeds organisms into the blood stream leading to the establishment of a long-lasting intra-erythrocytic bacteremia as the hall-mark of infection. Bacterial type IV secretion systems, which are supra-molecular transporters ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation systems, represent crucial pathogenicity factors that have contributed to a radial expansion of the Bartonella lineage in nature by facilitating adaptation to unique mammalian hosts. On the molecular level, the type IV secretion system VirB/VirD4 is known to translocate a cocktail of different effector proteins into host cells, which subvert multiple cellular functions to the benefit of the infecting pathogen. Furthermore, bacterial adhesins mediate a critical, early step in the pathogenesis of the bartonellae by binding to extracellular matrix components of host cells, which leads to firm bacterial adhesion to the cell surface as a prerequisite for the efficient translocation of type IV secretion effector proteins. The best-studied adhesins in bartonellae are the orthologous trimeric autotransporter adhesins, BadA in Bartonella henselae and the Vomp family in Bartonella quintana. Genetic diversity and strain variability also appear to enhance the ability of bartonellae to invade not only specific reservoir hosts, but also accidental hosts, as shown for B. henselae. Bartonellae have been identified in many different blood-sucking arthropods, in which they are typically found to cause extracellular infections of the mid-gut epithelium. Adaptation to specific vectors and reservoirs seems to be a common strategy of bartonellae for transmission and host diversity. However, knowledge regarding arthropod specificity/restriction, the mode of transmission, and the bacterial factors involved in arthropod infection and transmission is still limited. 相似文献