蛋白修饰调控植物育性与生殖发育的研究进展

植物育性与生殖发育不仅与植物繁衍后代息息相关,也是作物杂种优势利用技术的遗传基础。探究作物生殖发育的分子调控机制是植物发育研究的重要科学内容,也是农作物杂交育种的重要需求。蛋白质修饰是重要的翻译后调控方式,广泛参与植物生长发育的各个过程。近年来,植物育性调控和生殖发育的分子网络调控研究取得了重要进展,但尚未系统总结蛋白质修饰在该发育过程中的功能和作用。为此,本文总结了磷酸化、泛素化、SUMO化和糖基化等多种蛋白修饰类型在植物育性调控和生殖发育阶段的调控作用,以期为后续的研究提供参考和思路。     

织锦巴非蛤形态性状对体质量的影响

猪在农业和医学领域均具有重要应用价值,利用基因修饰技术能够快速提高猪的经济性状和培育 人类疾病动物模型。CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑技术具有操作简单、高效和低成本的优势,在猪基因修饰领域具有重 要应用。但 CRISPR/Cas9 易引发基因组结构不稳、大范围染色体重排和基因脱靶等问题,因而具有潜在的生物 安全风险。近年基于 CRISPR/Cas9 开发的碱基编辑技术可以实现单个碱基定向转换,不会导致 DNA 双链断裂, 理论上不会引发插入 / 缺失（Indels）,对基因编辑更精准、更安全。随着碱基编辑工具的不断开发和改良,其 不仅能产生 C → T（A → G）突变,还能产生 C、A 两种碱基的同时突变以及 C → G 突变,增加了应用范围;改 良的碱基编辑工具在保持编辑效率的同时能够降低甚至消除旁侧突变、非 C → T（A → G）突变以及 Indels,使 得碱基编辑技术在猪遗传修饰上具有更加重要的潜在应用价值。综述了不同的碱基编辑系统原理、碱基编辑技 术在基因修饰猪模型构建和猪遗传改良中的应用,以及碱基编辑系统在猪成纤维细胞中的编辑效率和脱靶情况, 以期为开展猪碱基编辑应用实践提供参考。     

Incisor ridge modification of the mandibles in freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus

The differences in the ridge structure of the mandibles of different size Astacus leptodactylus (32–80 mm carapace length, CL) were investigated. The results showed that a modification occurs with an increase in size in the incisor ridge of mandibles in A. leptodactylus. The results also showed that A. leptodactylus possesses four different types of ridge structure in the mandibles. These are: (1) Incisor ridge with big teeth (dentate crenate), (2) Blade-like incisor ridge with numerous small teeth, (3) Blade-like ridge (toothless), (4) Blunt ridge. In conclusion, it is thought that the incisor ridge modification of the mandibles may cause the difference in the food choice of different size A. leptodactylus, because, crayfish possessing different ridge structures of the mandible may probably feed on different type of food.     

挤压膨化与改性处理海带渣的油污吸附特性试验

利用挤压膨化和改性处理的海带渣进行了油污吸附材料制备的试验研究,探讨了海带渣粒度和玉米碴添加量对挤压膨化海带渣油污吸附特性的影响,以及硬脂酸添加量、海带渣粒度和改性时间对改性海带渣油污吸附特性的影响。研究表明：增加玉米碴添加量,可提高挤压膨化海带渣的吸油率、吸油速率和漂浮率,但吸水率亦提高;海带渣粒度越小,挤压膨化后的海带渣吸油和漂浮效果越好,越不易吸水;当海带渣粒度为0.9 mm、玉米碴添加量为30%时,挤压膨化海带渣具有良好的油污吸附效果,其吸油率、吸油速率和漂浮率分别为142.8%、94.1%和49.4%,吸水率为89.2%。改性试验结果表明：硬脂酸改性可显著提高海带渣的漂浮率,降低其吸水率,但油污吸附效果随硬脂酸添加量的增加而下降;选择粒度较小的海带渣并且保证一定的改性时间,有利于提高油污吸附效果;当海带渣粒度为0.9 mm、硬脂酸添加量为8.5%、改性处理2 h时,海带渣的吸油率、吸油速率和漂浮率分别为217.5%、94.3%、94.0%,吸水率在31.0%以下,吸油率和漂浮率分别是挤压膨化海带渣的1.52倍和1.90倍,吸水率降低了65.2%。     

Case study: Treatment of oral and locomotory stereotypic behaviors in a mature sow

A 32-month-old female 225-kg nonpregnant cross-bred Newsham sow presented a 6-week history of stereotypic behaviors when housed in a laboratory research facility. A behavioral examination over 12 daylight hours revealed 3 main stereotypic motor patterns, namely (1) oral-nasal gate manipulation defined as placement of the snout between the bars of the pen gate with repetitive, forceful up and down movement; (2) head weaving defined as repetitive lateral head and snout movement toward the pen gates while rocking back and forth on her forequarters with hooves remaining on ground at all times; and (3) body weaving defined as repetitive shifting of body weight from one side to the other with front hooves lifting alternately off the ground. The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 4.0%, 12.4%, and 6.8% of her total baseline time budget, respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was oral-nasal and locomotory stereotypies. Three treatments were used to mitigate the duration and frequency of these stereotypic behaviors. Treatment 1—Social treatment (change social stimuli by providing visual and nose-to-nose contact with different neighboring sows); Treatment 2—Forage treatment (change foraging substrates by providing peat moss as a rooting substrate); and Treatment 3—Space treatment (change pen configuration by increasing space). The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of her total time budget, respectively; social treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.9%, 15.3%, and 11.3% of her total time budget, respectively; and forage treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.5%, 28.0%, and 15.5% of her total time budget, respectively. This study is one of the first reports to evaluate the treatment of established stereotypies in a mature sow. Results suggest the promise of environmental enrichment as an effective treatment strategy. Further research is needed to evaluate the persistence of these behavioral changes and relative importance of different environmental manipulations provided.     

22种海水鱼中ACEI的制备及其化学修饰

以取自中国黄海的22种鱼类为研究对象，测定其鱼肉组织上清液的酶解物对血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）的抑制作用。从6种商业用酶和1种新型海洋低温碱性蛋白酶（MLAP）中，筛选出MLAP作为酶解制备ACEI的理想水解酶。以该酶水解上述22种海水鱼鱼肉组织上清液，并将水解液经Sephadex G-25凝胶层析和DEAE Sepharose阴离子交换层析，得到ACEI纯品。测定各类ACEI体外抑制ACE的活性发现，这22种海水鱼中以缇鱼（Engraulis japonicus）所产ACEI活性最高，其余鱼类无显著差异。以缇鱼制备血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI-22），并对ACEI-22作进一步研究，结果发现，ACEI-22对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）有降压效果，但不显著；ACEI-22经聚乙二醇化学修饰后，修饰率为68％，且给药SHR后，大鼠收缩压显著降低，与相同条件下同剂量的卡托普利的降压效果相当。故聚乙二醇修饰的ACEI-22可有效地降低SHR的血压。     

Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering for Marine Carotenoids: New Opportunities and Future Prospects

Carotenoids are a class of diverse pigments with important biological roles such as light capture and antioxidative activities. Many novel carotenoids have been isolated from marine organisms to date and have shown various utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this review, we summarize the pathways and enzymes of carotenoid synthesis and discuss various modifications of marine carotenoids. The advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for carotenoid production are also reviewed, in hopes that this review will promote the exploration of marine carotenoid for their utilizations.     

葡聚糖水合二激酶的生物学功能及其应用

葡聚糖水合二激酶(glucan-water dikinase,GWD)催化淀粉发生的磷酸化反应是植物临时淀粉降解的必要过程.该文总结了GWD的结构、生物学功能及其与其他淀粉代谢相关酶类的互作,以及GWD基因的研究进展及其在淀粉改性工艺上的应用现状,展望了GWD在淀粉磷酸化改性工艺上的应用前景,旨在为淀粉生物改性提供一种环境友好型、资源集约型的思路和方法.     

活性炭的改性技术及其应用研究进展

活性炭具有特殊的物理化学特性,常被用作吸附剂,广泛应用于工业、饮用水净化、废水处理等领域,并取得显著的成效.目前水污染物种类繁多,对水质要求高,传统的活性炭在使用方面具有一定的局限性.国内外的很多研究表明,通过对活性炭进行表面改性,可提高其对特定物质的吸附能力,活性炭的改性由此成为热点.从化学改性、物理改性、微生物改性等三大方面综述了国内外活性炭的改性技术,概括了不同改性方法的特性,并比较了不同改性技术改性前后对水中特定吸附质吸附性能的差异,为活性炭的改性研究提供参考和依据.