微生物农药研究的现状及展望

综述了国内外微生物农药研究的现状，重点评述了微生物杀虫剂、家用抗生素和微生物除草剂等方面的研究应用及进展情况，展望了其应用前景。     

甘蔗病虫害防治技术及高效低毒农药应用

对严重影响甘蔗生产的8种甘蔗主要害虫和5种甘蔗常见流行性病害的发生危害特点进行了探讨和综述。依据甘蔗病虫害的危害特点,提出以农业防治方法为基础,物理防治灯光诱杀、生物防治为辅,减少虫源病源,统一化防为重点和抓好关键时期科学用药的综合防治措施,从而达到高效、快速、持续、有效控制甘蔗病虫害的发生危害,确保甘蔗生产持续稳定健康发展。     

林木白蚁的生物防治和生物源农药防治研究进展

林木白蚁在我国南方林区危害严重。目前,林木白蚁的防治仍以化学防治为主。但化学农药残毒严重,对环境和人类健康已构成极大威胁。利用生物防治以及生物源农药对林木白蚁进行防治具有高效、低毒,与环境兼容的特性,极具发展潜力。本文综述了生物防治以及生物源农药防治林木白蚁的研究现状与进展,并对其目前存在的问题和未来应用前景进行了分析。     

大棚中百菌清等4种农药在小白菜上的降解规律研究

研究了小白菜栽培过程中,百菌清、敌敌畏、氧化乐果和抗蚜威在不同施用剂量条件下的农药降解动态规律,结果表明,不同农药在小白菜中的残留量和降解速度有较大差异。4种农药施药后在小白菜上的残留量随喷药时间的推移而减少,抗蚜威降解速度最慢,氧化乐果降解速度最快。     

茶饮料中7种农药残留检测能力验证分析

为保证农药登记残留试验水平,农业部农药检定所2010年组织了78个实验室参加了茶饮料中莠去津、吡虫啉、哒螨灵、腐霉利、乐果、高效氯氰菊酯和咪鲜胺7种农药残留检测能力验证试验。统计分析结果表明,7种农药全部合格的单位有41个（52.6%）,6种农药合格的有14个（17.9%）,5种农药合格的有11个（14.1%）,4种农药合格的有3个（3.8%）,3种农药合格的有4个（5.1%）,2种农药合格的有2个（2.6%）,只有1种农药合格的有1个（1.3%）,7种农药均不合格的有3个（3.8%）。     

三种有机磷农药胚胎期暴露对新生鼠脑组织结构的影响

探讨了3种常用的有机磷农药胚胎期暴露对新生鼠脑组织结构的影响。在母鼠妊娠期7.5～11.5 d时,连续5 d每天分别经皮下注射2 mg/kg bw的二嗪磷(diazinon)、2 mg/kg bw的毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)及50 mg/kg bw乙酰甲胺磷(acephate),显微镜下观察并计数大脑皮层S1区胶质细胞和神经元数量及比率,以及海马CA1、CA3区锥体细胞的数量及体积密度。结果表明,二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理分别使得大脑皮层S1区胶质细胞数减少了14.29%和21.43%;毒死蜱处理导致胶质细胞与神经元比率下降了24.19%;二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理后海马CA1区锥体细胞数量分别下降了9.30％与20.93％,毒死蜱处理后锥体细胞体积密度下降了27.05％;二嗪磷与毒死蜱处理后海马CA3区锥体细胞数量分别下降了22.22％和19.44％,锥体细胞体积密度分别下降了23.54％和18.98％;而乙酰甲胺磷对新生鼠大脑皮层与海马细胞均无明显影响。     

化学农药亚致死剂量对天敌昆虫的影响

天敌昆虫在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用,而化学农药在防治靶标害虫的同时,也不同程度地影响了天敌昆虫的生存,并对其中部分个体存在亚致死效应.本文通过整理国内外相关研究资料,介绍了亚致死剂量化学农药对天敌昆虫行为、生理、生物学等方面的影响,论证了该研究的现实意义.     

Cross-enhancement of accelerated biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds in soils: Dependence on structural similarity of compounds

Rates of degradation of seven organophosphate nematicides and insecticides were examined in two soils known to show accelerated biodegradation of fenamiphos and one soil known to show accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The results indicated that several organophosphate insecticides and one nematicide were susceptible to cross-enhanced degradation in the soil showing accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. No cross-enhancement was observed in the two soils showing accelerated degradation of fenamiphos. Fumigation resulted in the complete inhibition of pesticide degradation in all soils. The data suggested that the cross-enhancement of selected pesticides in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil was dependent on the structural similarity of the compounds. Mechanisms of degradation of pesticide in soil support this hypothesis, where structurally similar compounds (diazinon, parathion, coumaphos and isazofos) were hydrolysed by microbial activity in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil but the degradation products were accumulated. Enhanced degradation of chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos was found to be stable in the laboratory condition for a period of one year.     

基于叶墙面积的果树施药量模型设计及试验

变量喷雾技术是提高喷雾效果、降低农药使用率的有效手段,而准确的树冠特征参数检测及施药量模型是其关键。为克服果园变量喷雾中果树特征参数检测效率低和对环境要求高的缺陷,该文通过LiDAR(light detection and ranging)检测技术获取表征树冠特征参数的叶墙面积LWA(leaf wall area),并利用图像处理技术计算树冠参数参考值。为了表征树叶密度和LWA对变量喷雾的共同影响效果,研究基于LWA的决策系数KLWA,KLWA由反映果树冠层分区内点云在水平方向平均深度下的分布密度K1和分区内点云分布高度极差占分区高度的比值K2加权决定。通过计算垂直方向各分区内决策系数KLWA,并代入流量函数可得出基于KLWA的施药量计算模型,进一步计算电磁阀PWM占空比并调节水泵和电磁阀的工作状态,使喷头的流量对应冠层各区得到动态调整,实现基于LWA的变量喷雾。利用自制的室外变量喷雾验证装置,进行了多喷头变量喷雾试验,试验结果表明,果树的药液附着率均接近100%,说明基于LWA的变量喷雾模型可实现有效喷雾,与连续喷雾相对比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为68.34%,与纯对靶定量喷雾比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为32.77%。     

提取、纯化沉积物中有机磷农药和菊酯类农药的两种程序的比较

Two procedures were compared for extraction and clean-up of 20 organophosphorus and 19 pyrethroid pesticides in sediment to identify the more effective procedure for groups of pesticides or individual compounds. In Procedure Ⅰ, methanol/water and n-hexane were used for extraction, and 1:10 (v/v) dichloromethane in n-hexane and acetone were used as eluents for eluting the analyte through the cartridge, with one evaporating steps on a rotary evaporator and two eluting steps on the cartridge, n-hexane/acetone (2:1, v/v) was used for extraction and elution in Procedure Ⅱ with one evaporating step on a rotary evaporator and one eluting step on the cartridge. All extractions were performed under an ultrasonic bath and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized for measurements. Procedure Ⅱ was developed as a rapid, timesaving, less costly and safer substitute for Procedure Ⅰ which was an old method. Procedure Ⅱ was more effective for almost all the organophosphorus pesticides tested and 11 of the 19 pyrethroid pesticides, while Procedure I was more appropriate for analysis of 5 pyrethroid pesticides. However, recoveries of most pyrethroid pesticides were fairly low. Thus, further studies should focus on adjustment and formulation of solvents for more efficient extraction and clean-up of pyrethroid pesticides from sediment samples.