4种清洗剂对小白菜上农药残留祛除效果研究

研究了在小白菜栽培中,施用百菌清、敌敌畏、氧化乐果和抗蚜威农药残留及用自来水、臭氧水溶液25℃、次氯酸钙0.03%和白猫牌清洁精3 000倍液溶液洗涤4种方法对蔬菜中农药残留的祛除效果研究,结果表明白猫牌清洁精3 000倍液对百菌清、敌敌畏和氧化乐果祛除效果最好,臭氧水溶液25℃对抗蚜威祛除效果最好。     

杀虫剂对2种麦蚜的敏感性和选择性测定

用浸叶法测定了麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性和选择性。结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性呈以下规律 :辛硫磷<毒死蜱<吡虫啉<抗蚜威<啶虫咪<氧化乐果<甲基对硫磷 ;致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,辛硫磷 ,毒死蜱 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,吡虫啉 ,氧化乐果。黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂敏感性呈以下规律 :吡虫啉<毒死蜱<啶虫脒<抗蚜威<甲基对硫磷<氧化乐果 ,致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,毒死蜱 ,吡虫啉 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,氧化乐果。麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的选择性依次为 :啶虫咪<甲基对硫磷<抗蚜威<毒死蜱<氧化乐果<吡虫啉     

新农药防治小麦蚜虫试验

目前我国常用于防治小麦蚜虫效果较好的农药主要有乐果、氧化乐果和辟蚜雾。但东果类农药对天敌杀伤严重;辟蚜雾虽对天敌较安全,但依赖进口,药源紧张。为了筛选高效、低毒、低残留、对天敌杀伤作用小的治蚜新药剂,我们于1987—1988年对新合成的抗蚜威和灭蚜灵进行了室内生物测定和田间防治试验。     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落的影响

以2种选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威和一种广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果为试验材料，研究了选择性杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落结构特征的影响。结果表明，施用选择性杀虫剂的小区在农药持效期内麦蚜群落的多样性指数和均匀度低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，而优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区；捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区。选择性杀虫剂处理区瓢蚜比小于空白对照区和氧化乐果处理区，且有效期长达15－16d。根据害虫和天敌发生的特点及选择性杀虫剂的特性，提出了麦蚜的有效防治措施，即在麦蚜为害关键时期，每667m^2用吡虫啉1g(ai)或抗蚜威2.5g(ai)喷施1次，再利用自然天敌调控作用，即可有效控制麦蚜。     

几种农药在露地黄瓜上的残留降解动态检测研究

研究了在露地黄瓜栽培中。喷施毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、百菌清、甲基硫菌灵和王铜等农药的残留降解动态。结果表明，不同农药在黄瓜果实中的残留量和降解速度有很大差异。在杀虫剂中．甲氰菊酯在喷药后第1d的残留量最大，其后的降解速度较快；毒死蜱残留量位居第二，其降解速度比较稳定；氯氰菊酯在喷药后第1d的残留量超过标准．但第3d以后就检测不到其残留：吡虫啉在施药后第1d的残留量最低，降解速度也比较稳定。在杀菌剂中．甲基硫菌灵的降解速度较快，百菌清和王铜的降解速度较慢。无论是杀虫剂还是杀菌剂，施药后在黄瓜上的残留量随喷药时间的推移而减少。     

水稻纹枯病与白背飞虱同田发生密切相关

小麦穗蚜是我市小麦上一种主要害虫,近年来频繁大发生,对小麦产量影响很大。为了探索一种防治小麦穗蚜的新药剂,1991—1992年我们对新近开发的氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂抗蚜威进行了田间药效试验。 试验设50％抗蚜威可湿性粉剂(江阴市中港有机化工厂生产),每亩10、15和20克;40％氧化乐果(江苏海门农药厂生产)每亩     

田间施用抗蚜威对菜蚜茧蜂搜索行为和数量的影响

菜蚜Brevicoryn brassicae在世界许多国家和地区是蔬菜上的重要害虫,而菜蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae是它的一种最主要的寄生蜂。抗蚜威被认为是一种对天敌较安全的选择性农药。Gu&Waage的研究结果表明,田间施用的抗蚜威的浓度是菜蚜茧蜂的亚致死剂量。本文通过在田间施用抗蚜威,研究农药的亚致死剂量对蚜茧蜂搜索行为及其在搜索区数量的影响,同时对菜蚜茧蜂的重寄生蜂Alloxystabrassicae对农药的反应也作了初步的探索。     

人工模拟降雨对吡虫啉在不结球白菜中残留量的影响

为探索露地蔬菜中残留农药降解较快的主要原因,以吡虫啉为供试农药,以不结球白菜(Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group.,俗称小白菜)为代表作物,采用人工模拟降雨研究了不同降雨强度、降雨间隔、降雨次数及农药剂型对吡虫啉在蔬菜中残留量的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉在小白菜中的残留量随着降雨强度的增大而降低,随着降雨间隔时间的延长而升高,随着降雨次数的增多而降低,且连续降雨对吡虫啉的淋失作用大于间断降雨;降雨对小白菜上吡虫啉水分散粒剂的淋洗率高于对乳油的淋洗率。     

四川省麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae F.)的抗药性研究

198 8～ 1999年测定了四川省不同地区麦长管蚜 (Macrosiphum avenae F.)对化学农药的抗性水平 ,结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对乐果、氧乐果的抗性已达中抗至极高抗水平 ,对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯也产生了较高水平的抗性 ,对吡虫啉、抗蚜威较为敏感。比较了 12种农药对麦长管蚜的毒力 ,并对该害虫的抗性治理策略进行了讨论。     

七星瓢虫不同虫态对杀虫剂反应的研究初报

室内条件下对七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的触杀毒力测定结果表明,不同发育阶段的七星瓢虫对抗蚜威、伏杀磷和久效磷的反应一致;与对照药剂久效磷相比:①抗蚜威、伏杀磷处理七星瓢虫卵120小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.0483和0.3187;②抗蚜威和伏杀磷对七星瓢虫四龄幼虫24小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.1088和0.4056;③抗蚜威和伏杀磷处理蛹216小时的相对毒力指教分别为0.0540和0.5990;④抗蚜威和伏杀磷对瓢虫成虫24小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.1406和0.0623。可见,与常规使用的杀虫剂久效磷相比,抗蚜威和伏杀磷对七星瓢虫的各种虫态均具有高度选择性。     

Influence of climatic conditions and plant physiology on glufosinate-ammonium efficacy

Under field conditions the efficacy of glufosinate-ammonium on Galium aparine L. is quite often variable. Experiments under controlled conditions with G. aparine and the more susceptible species Brassica rapa L. showed that especially low relative humidity (r.h.) and low light intensity reduced the accumulation of ammonia in the plants and glufosinate-ammonium performance. As the light intensity under field conditions always exceeds the intensities applied in the experiments this parameter may not be of practical importance. In contrast, low r.h. often occurs under field conditions and could explain the variable G. aparine control. A retention study showed that retention on G. aparine was significantly higher than on B. rapa but ammonia accumulation in the plants indicated that glufosinate-ammonium uptake by G. aparine was lower than that by B. rapa . Glufosinate-ammonium performance was improved on both species by adding ammonium sulphate to the spray solution; however, the increase in efficacy by ammonium sulphate was two times higher for G. aparine than for B. rapa . Ammonia accumulation in untreated plant parts after glufosinate-ammonium application indicated some translocation of glufosinate-ammonium in B. rapa but none in G. aparine .     

土壤中添加蚯蚓及秸秆对油菜积累镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,在不同镉(Cd)污染浓度的灰漠土中分别添加蚯蚓和新鲜秸秆,研究了添加蚯蚓和秸秆还田条件下油菜(Brassica rapa L.spp.Chinenesis)-土壤体系中Cd的分布情况.结果发现:(1)添蚯蚓可有效增加土壤中Cd向油菜体内转移;蚯蚓可以在Cd污染的土壤中生存,蚯蚓体内Cd浓度随土壤环境中Cd...     

Risks and consequences of gene flow from herbicide-resistant crops: canola (Brassica napus L) as a case study

Data from the literature and recent experiments with herbicide-resistant (HR) canola (Brassica napus L) repeatedly confirm that genes and transgenes will flow and hybrids will form if certain conditions are met. These include sympatry with a compatible relative (weedy, wild or crop), synchrony of flowering, successful fertilization and viable offspring. The chance of these events occurring is real; however, it is generally low and varies with species and circumstances. Plants of the same species (non-transgenic or with a different HR transgene) in neighbouring fields may inherit the new HR gene, potentially generating plants with single and multiple HR. For canola, seed losses at harvest and secondary dormancy ensures the persistence over time of the HR trait(s) in the seed bank, and the potential presence of crop volunteers in subsequent crops. Although canola has many wild/weedy relatives, the risk of gene flow is quite low for most of these species, except with Brassica rapa L. Introgression of genes and transgenes in B rapa populations occurs with apparently little or no fitness costs. Consequences of HR canola gene flow for the agro-ecosystem include contamination of seed lots, potentially more complex and costly control strategy, and limitations in cropping system design. Consequences for non-agricultural habitats may be minor but appear largely undocumented.     

Variation in the pathogenicity of two Turnip mosaic virus isolates in wild UK Brassica rapa provenances

Brassica rapa can be infected with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a result of manual inoculation or aphid transmission, but infected plants have not been found in the field. In this study, B. rapa plants grown from seed collected from two field sites in southern England were mechanically inoculated with one of two distinct isolates (pathotypes) of TuMV under glasshouse conditions. These had either been isolated from Brassica oleracea growing wild in Wales, (GBR 83, pathotype 3) or Dorset (GBR 98, pathotype 1). Use of ELISA as an index of infection in manually inoculated B. rapa showed that although seed provenance had a small effect on the proportion of plants infected, the biggest factor was the virus isolate. Both virus isolates infected both lines of B. rapa , but invaded at different rates, although both resulted in easily discernible symptoms. The severity of symptoms was not related to amounts of virus in the infected plants. A significantly greater proportion of plants were infected with GBR 83 at 45 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) than GBR 98. but GBR 98 caused significantly more severe and obvious symptoms as well as greater mortality at 119 d.p.i., in plants from both sites than GBR 83.     

Biological and phylogenetic characterization of Fusarium oxysporum complex, which causes yellows on Brassica spp., and proposal of F. oxysporum f. sp. rapae, a novel forma specialis pathogenic on B. rapa in Japan

Although the causal agent of yellows of Brassica rapa (turnip, pak choi, and narinosa) in Japan was reported in 1996 to be Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, this classification has remained inconclusive because of a lack of detailed genetic and pathogenic studies. Therefore, we analyzed the taxonomic position of this organism using Japanese isolates of F. oxysporum complex obtained from diseased individuals of various B. rapa subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of the rDNA intergenic spacer region and the mating-type gene (MAT1-1-1alpha-box) showed that B. rapa and cabbage isolates belong to different monophyletic clades that separated at early evolutionary stages. Additionally, correlations were observed between the molecular phylogeny and the vegetative compatibility groups. Isolates from turnip, komatsuna, and narinosa (B. rapa group) did not show pathogenicity against cabbage or broccoli (B. oleracea group), although they caused severe symptoms on their original host species. In contrast, cabbage isolates had significantly higher (P = 0.05) virulence on B. oleracea than on B. rapa crops. Our results indicate that F. oxysporum complex isolates from B. rapa and B. oleracea are not only phylogenetically distinct but also differ in host specificity. Therefore, we propose a novel forma specialis, F. oxysporum f. sp. rapae, which causes yellows on B. rapa, including turnip, komatsuna, pak choi, and narinosa.     

Phytotoxic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus residues on three Brassica species

A study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of residues of Parthenium hysterophorus , an exotic invasive weed, towards the growth of three Brassica species ( Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa ). The early growth of crops, measured in terms of seedling length and dry weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil amended with varying amounts of Parthenium residues. A direct relationship was observed between the amount of residue incorporated in the soil and growth reduction. This adverse effect on Brassica crops indicates the presence of some growth-retardatory substances which are possibly released by the residues into the soil medium. In order to test this, aqueous extracts (1, 2, and 4%) of residues were prepared. It was observed that, in a laboratory bioassay, these extracts severely reduced the early growth of Brassica species, thereby indicating the presence of some water-soluble, inhibitory principles in Parthenium residues. A significant amount of the phenolics, the largest group of secondary metabolites usually implicated in allelopathy, was estimated in residue extracts, as well as in residue-incorporated soil. The phenolic content increased with increasing residue concentration, thereby showing their direct involvement in the observed growth inhibitions. Therefore, the study establishes that Parthenium residues exert an allelopathic influence on the early growth of Brassica crops by releasing water-soluble phenolics into the soil.     

New Avirulence Genes in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Leptosphaeria maculans

ABSTRACT Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), develops gene-for-gene interactions with oilseed rape, and four L. maculans avirulence (AVR) genes (AvrLm1, AvrLm2, AvrLm4, and alm1) were previously genetically characterized. Based on the analysis of progeny of numerous in vitro crosses between L. maculans isolates showing either already characterized or new differential interactions, this work aims to provide an overview of the AVR genes that may specify incompatibility toward B. napus and the related species B. juncea and B. rapa. Two novel differential interactions were thus identified between L. maculans and B. napus genotypes, one of them corresponding to a complete resistance to European races of L. maculans. In both cases, a single gene control of avirulence was established (genes AvrLm3 and AvrLm7). Similarly, a single gene control of avirulence toward a B. rapa genotype, also resistant to European L. maculans isolates, was demonstrated (gene AvrLm8). Finally, a digenic control of avirulence toward B. juncea was established (genes AvrLm5 and AvrLm6). Linkage analyses demonstrated that at least four unlinked L. maculans genomic regions, including at least one AVR gene cluster (AvrLm1-AvrLm2-AvrLm6), are involved in host specificity. The AvrLm3-AvrLm4-AvrLm7 region may correspond either to a second AVR gene cluster or to a multiallelic AVR gene.     

Incidence of weed reservoirs and vectors of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus on southern Tasmanian lettuce farms

Thrips species and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) alternate weed hosts were surveyed on two lettuce farms in southern Tasmania during 1994 and 1995. Only one known vector species, Thrips tabaci, was found at either site, comprising on average 36.8% of the total monthly catch. A major peak of thrips activity in the summer corresponded with an increase of disease in autumn harvested lettuce. Two thrips species new for Tasmania were recorded, Pseudanaphothrips achaetus and Tenothrips frici . Infection patterns within the crop indicated that localized weed infestations were the most likely reservoir of virus. ELISA testing showed that TSWV was present in a range of dicotyledonous weed species, although usually infecting only a low percentage of the plants. Arctotheca calendula appeared to be the single most important reservoir host species at one property, whilst this species and Sonchus oleraceus, Malva sylvestris, Brassica rapa ssp. silvestris, Erodium moschatum and Trifolium sp. were probably the most important reservoirs at the other property. Two new natural TSWV host species were recorded, Erodium moschatum and Brassica rapa ssp. silvestris . The property with the highest incidence of TSWV-infected lettuce had a relatively higher proportion of virus-infected weeds but less thrips activity during the infection period.     

Broadening the Genetic Basis of Verticillium longisporum Resistance in Brassica napus by Interspecific Hybridization

ABSTRACT Verticillium wilt caused by the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum is one of the most important pathogens of oilseed rape (Brassica napus sp. oleifera) in northern Europe. Because production of this major oilseed crop is expanding rapidly and no approved fungicides are available for V. longisporum, long-term control of the disease can only be achieved with cultivars carrying effective quantitative resistance. However, very little resistance to V. longisporum is available within the gene pool of oilseed rape, meaning that interspecific gene transfer from related species is the only possibility for broadening levels of resistance in current varieties. The amphidiploid species B. napus can be resynthesized by crossing the two progenitor species Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa, hence resistant accessions of these two diploid species can be used as resistance donors. In this study a total of 43 potential B. rapa and B. oleracea resistance donors were tested with regard to their reaction to a mixture of two aggressive V. longisporum isolates, and resistances from diverse lines were combined by embryo rescue-assisted interspecific hybridization in resynthesized rapeseed lines. Progenies from crosses of the two B. rapa gene bank accessions 13444 and 56515 to the B. oleracea gene bank accessions BRA1008, CGN14044, 8207, BRA1398, and 7518 showed a broad spectrum of resistance in pathogenicity tests. Of 45 tested resynthesized lines, 41 lines exhibited a significantly higher level of resistance than the moderately V. longisporum-tolerant oilseed rape cultivar Express. These lines represent a promising basis for the combination of different resistance resources in new varieties.