普通羊肚菌密码子偏好性分析

采用CodonW1.4.2软件和CUSP程序,以普通羊肚菌(Morchella conica)全基因组蛋白质编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)为对象,解析了该菌的有效密码子数(effective number of codon,ENC)、密码子3个位点的 GC含量、相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU)和高表达优越密码子。结果表明：普通羊肚菌全基因组密码子第2位密码子的 GC含量明显低于第1位和第3位,第3位密码子与第1位含量差异不大,分别为57.8%和56.8%,RSCU 值大于等于1的密码子总共35个,其中以 G 或 C 结尾的25个,占71.4%,确定了25个高表达优越密码子。     

我国金银花产质量影响因素及轻简化施肥推荐

金银花是我国一种用途广泛的传统大宗中药材，年需求量大，影响其产量和质量的因素也较多。本文通过文献检索，从产地特点、品种特性、土壤性质和施肥管理措施及后期加工等方面对影响金银花产质量的主要因素进行了综述。并通过引入结构方程模型，对不同因素对金银花产量的相对影响程度进行了探索性分析，对于某一产地的具体品种，单株产量的主要影响因素是土壤有机质、pH和速效钾含量等土壤因素，和氮肥用量等施肥因素。在此基础上，针对当前施肥现状，借鉴根区施肥法，进行了以干花重为基准的施肥量推荐,并提出了将全年所需肥料一次性施于根区的轻简施肥法，旨在为金银花的轻简化高产高效优质栽培提供思路与参考。     

基于鲁棒反馈线性化的联合收获机割台高度控制策略

谷物联合收获机割台高度控制非常重要，有效的割台高度控制有助于提高喂入量的稳定性、降低整机各环节的负荷波动。本文提出一种基于鲁棒反馈线性化的割台高度控制策略，该方法可以使割台跟随地面起伏进行俯仰控制调节。首先，基于割台结构和动力学分析建立系统数学模型，选取正弦角度的近似约简条件，将多变量的复杂非线性系统线性转换为典型的非线性系统；通过分析传统的反馈线性化控制研究可控仿射的模型构建方法，在集成鲁棒优化设计控制器基础上，提出鲁棒反馈线性化（Robust feedback linearization，RFL），通过构建灵敏度方程、选取增益来稳定系统；选取液压控制机构，根据控制液压输出的电流参数设计为基于鲁棒反馈线性化控制系统的控制器。将传统的PID控制和本文提出的鲁棒反馈线性化控制进行对比实验，结果表明，在不同行驶速度、地形正弦振幅和地形周期条件下，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差均小于传统的PID控制；以3种不同行驶速度在同一起伏地面上行进，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差受行驶速度增加的影响小于传统的PID控制。     

淮阴区配方肥料应用的现状、存在问题和对策

配方肥料是"测土配方施肥"的物化载体,是科技转化为生产力的具体表现。如何尽快将通过测土配方技术研制的配方肥料应用到生产实际中,不仅关系到"测土配方施肥"项目的实施效果和效率,同时也关系全区耕地质量的提高和农业可持续发展的顺利实现。当前,由于受市场因素、农技体制、农民素质、流通形式等诸多因素影响,配方肥料的推广工作进展得很不顺利。要真正把配方肥料推广应用到千家万户,发挥其在农业生产中的增效作用,还需要各级政府、农技推广部门、肥料生产企业、经销商等的共同努力和全社会的广泛参与。     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

有机无机肥配施对冬春烤烟经济性状的影响

在云南梁河县对冬春烤烟开展有机肥和化肥合理配施试验,结果比对照增产62.7%;中上等烟比例增加3.6个百分点;净增产值提高72%。     

包气带土壤pH对灌溉施肥响应的变异过程

为了分析灌溉施肥活动引起的包气带土壤pH值变异特征及其对地球化学条件的响应，通过历时3 a的野外原位灌溉施肥试验，应用不同季节灌前、灌后6 m土层中不同深度的测定资料，系统分析了土壤pH对灌溉、施肥的响应过程，结果表明：各深度pH值呈弱变异性（CV=1.01%~2.28%），与灌溉前相比，灌后土壤pH值的均值和变异系数均呈现明显的变化；灌前包气带各层pH具有强烈的空间自相关性，灌后受水分、基质等相互作用影响，pH的空间自相关性有所减弱，C₀/(C₀+C)和变程a分别由7.23 m和3.54 m(灌前0 d)减少到3.26 m和2.76 m(灌后第10天)。土壤基质是决定土壤酸碱性的主要因素，在灌溉施肥活动对pH的响应过程中，地球化学条件（土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质(SOM)、氧化还原电位（RP）等)、土壤基质组成和氮底物浓度（NH⁺₄-N）等的交互作用影响pH的动态。土壤含水量和温度单独对pH影响不显著，两者交互作用对pH有显著影响。引起土壤pH变化的主要变异源为Cl^-、土壤有机质(SOM)、NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N等营养物质和不同空间深度土壤基质的差异，表明灌溉施肥改变了包气带pH地球化学动力场、营养物质和土壤基质的交互作用，引起各深度的生物地球化学反应，控制pH值的空间变异特性。当包气带介质土壤水分变化时，首先营养物氨态氮以分子态或水合态形式被介质吸附，H⁺得到释放，使得灌后第4天pH值下降。随着氨氧化过程中H⁺的释放，pH在灌前和灌后第10天和第30天有显著差异。氨的氧化引起硝酸盐含量不断增加，使得硝酸盐对pH值的影响在灌后不断增强,相关系数由0.24(0 d，P<0.05)增加到0.41(30 d,P<0.01)，而氨态氮对pH值的影响逐步降低，相关系数由0.43(0 d，P<0.01)降低为0.19(30 d,P>0.05)。     

Contribution of spray droplet pinning fragmentation to canopy retention

Drop behaviour during impact affects retention. Increasing adhesion is usually seen as an objective when applying crop protection products, while bouncing and shattering are seen as detrimental to spray retention. However, observation of drop impacts on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using high speed shadowgraphy shows that bouncing and fragmentation can occur in Cassie–Baxter as well as in Wenzel wetting regimes. In this last regime, a part of the drop may remain stuck on the surface, contributing to retention. Using simultaneous measurements of drop impacts with high speed imaging and of retention with fluorophotometry for spray mixtures on excised barley leaves using a Teejet 11003 nozzle at 0.2 MPa, it was observed that about 50% of the drops that fragmented in the Wenzel state remain on the horizontal leaf. Depending on the spray mixture, these impact outcomes accounted for 28–46% of retention, the higher contribution being correlated with bigger VMD (Volume Median Diameter). This contribution is not negligible and should be considered when modelling spray retention processes.