Single step genomic evaluation for female fertility in Nordic Red dairy cattle

Joint Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) genetic evaluation of female fertility is currently based on the multiple trait multilactation animal model (BLUP). Here, single step genomic model (ssGBLUP) was applied for the Nordic Red dairy cattle fertility evaluation. The 11 traits comprised of nonreturn rate and days from first to last insemination in heifers and first three parities, and days from calving to first insemination in the first three parities. Traits had low heritabilities (0.015–0.04), but moderately high genetic correlations between the parities (0.60–0.88). Phenotypic data included 4,226,715 animals with records and pedigree 5,445,392 animals. Unknown parents were assigned into 332 phantom parent groups (PPG). In mixed model equations animals were associated with PPG effects through the pedigree or both the pedigree and genomic information. Genotype information of 46,914 SNPs was available for 33,969 animals in the pedigree. When PPG used pedigree information only, BLUP converged after 2,420 iterations whereas the ssGBLUP evaluation needed over ten thousand iterations. When the PPG effects were solved accounting both the pedigree and the genomic information, the ssGBLUP model converged after 2,406 iterations. Also, with the latter model breeding values by ssGBLUP and BLUP became more consistent and genetic trends followed each other well. Models were validated using forward prediction of the young bulls. Reliabilities and variance inflation of predicted genomic breeding values (values for parent averages in brackets) for the 11 traits ranged 0.22–0.31 (0.10–0.27) and 0.81–0.95 (0.83–1.06), respectively. The ssGBLUP model gave always higher validation reliabilities than BLUP, but largest increases were for the cow fertility traits.     

The use of ultrasonography in the reproductive evaluation of boars

The objective was to study the use of ultrasound as a complementary test in the breeding soundness evaluation in male pigs and study the pattern of echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma in boars of different racial groups. Twenty‐six adult boars from four different racial groups were used, 10 from the Piau breed (group 1), four from the commercial and finishing group (group 2), six Pietrain breed (group 3) and six from the Duroc breed (group 4). All animals were evaluated for breeding soundness evaluation and the ultrasound examination of the testicles. The groups of animals that were evaluated showed no difference in the main semen parameters that were evaluated, except for the sperm volume, concentration of the ejaculated sperm and the supravital staining; the lowest figures were for the animals from the Piau breed (group 1). In relation to the testicular biometrics, Duroc animals (group 4) had a greater scrotal width compared to the other groups. But when we assessed the intensity of pixels of the testicles, there was a difference between groups. The groups 2 (finishing animals), 3 (Pietrain) and 4 had no difference between themselves. Group 3 had greater pixel intensity in relation to group 1. Of the 26 animals studied, five showed an abnormality during ultrasound evaluation, like hydrocele, hyperechoic mass in the testicular parenchyma, cyst in the head of the epididymis and the presence of fluid in the head and tail of the epididymis. The various animal groups studied did not differ in the principal reproductive parameters evaluated, showing that despite the great variability of reproductive traits between breeds and within the same breed, the breeding soundness evaluation, the more complete it is, is essential for the selection of breeders and the ultrasonography of the reproductive system becomes an important addition in this examination.     

Research Progress on Influence Factors of Mutton Quality

Meat quality means the characteristics such as appearance is related to palatability in fresh meat or manufactured meat, it includes meat color, meat structure, hardness, marbling, water holding capacity and so on.The physical characteristics of mutton quality determines the consumer acceptability of meat and there is a close relationship between chemical composition of mutton quality and nutrient substance.With the improvement of living standards, consumers are increasingly high demand for mutton.From quantitative to qualitative change, we need to continuously improve mutton quality.At present, the production of high quality animal products has become a hot topic.This paper is a summary of the effects of breed, gender, age, environment and feed nutrition on mutton quality, and aims to provide a scientific basis for improving of mutton quality with nutritional regulation measures.     

天然生胶杂质含量测量结果不确定度评定

根据GB/T 8086—2008规定的测定方法,分析了测定过程中的随机效应与系统效应,计算这两种效应对测定过程导致的不确定度和,最终对本方法所产生的不确定度给予综合评定。     

四川攀西山区植烟土壤养分特征分析与肥力评价

了解土壤肥力对烟田土壤保育具有积极的指导意义。本研究采集了四川攀西山区4个代表性植烟县(区)的19个典型烟田耕层样品,测定了对烤烟产质量影响大且能反映土壤肥力的指标,利用模糊综合评价法计算了土壤肥力综合肥力指数(IFI)。结果表明：19个烟田耕层土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和水溶性氯含量平均值分别为6.25、21.6 g/kg、1.28 g/kg、120.61 mg/kg、42.84 mg/kg、148.69 mg/kg和7.47 mg/kg,适宜的植烟烟田比例分别为52.67%、26.32%、36.84%、42.11%、36.84%、84.21%和21.05%。烟田土壤肥力综合评价指数介于0.30～0.87,平均为0.55,总体上处于较高水平。施肥上应注意多施钾肥和磷肥并提高其利用率,对氯素低的烟田(<10 mg/kg)可以酌情施用氯肥。     

土壤有机碳时空变化研究进展与展望

土壤有机碳不但是土壤肥力形成、粮食生产和土壤健康的基础,而且在全球碳平衡中起着关键的作用,因此,明晰土壤有机碳时空变化规律对于保障土壤健康和粮食安全、发挥土壤生态系统服务功能和应对气候变化等均具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了土壤有机碳时空变化的主要驱动因素和估算方法,随后分析了全球及国家等相对较大尺度上土壤有机碳时空变化研究的主要进展,最后从土壤有机碳模型结构改进、驱动数据分辨率提升、不确定性量化评估等方面综合分析了未来土壤有机碳时空变化研究需亟待解决的重要科学问题。     

土壤重金属钝化效果评估——基于大田试验的研究

采用野外大田试验,研究了钙镁磷肥(Calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer)、麦饭石(Medical stone)、氧化铁吸附剂(Ferric oxide adsorbent)、氧化铝复合材料(Alumina composite)、植物型有机肥(Plant-based organic fertilizer)、牛粪(Cow dung)、骨炭(Bone char)对某地重金属污染农田的钝化修复效果,并利用动态加权评估方法评估了这几种钝化材料的综合适用性。试验结果表明:几种材料对土壤pH影响均较小,钙镁磷肥、麦饭石微量提高了土壤pH,与对照组相比分别增加0.68和0.74个单位;施加植物型有机肥、牛粪和骨炭提高了土壤有机质含量,与对照组相比分别增加了3.19、2.64 g·kg~(-1)和1.17 g·kg~(-1)(10.04%、8.31%和3.68%)。几种材料在0.6%的投加量下,除植物型有机肥外均有较好钝化效果,土壤有效态镉降低18%以上,且显著减少糙米中镉蓄积量(0.062～0.087mg·kg~(-1)),低于国家食品安全标准限值。为综合评估几种材料的效果及适用性,以土壤重金属有效态含量、糙米镉含量、修复成本和产量为指标构建动态加权函数综合评估模型,评估结果表明,钙镁磷肥的综合修复效果最好,其次为骨炭和植物型有机肥。     

界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染调查与评价

为了解界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染现状和特征，制定相应的农业面源防控措施，对流域内农业面源污染情况进行了调查分析和评价。通过对该典型小流域内陶庙镇、王集镇、代桥镇、泉阳镇4个乡镇的11个行政村的农田污染源、养殖污染源及人居生活污染源进行实地走访，调查数据应用等标污染负荷法进行评价分析。结果表明，界首市泉河小流域内4个乡镇的农业面源污染排放源中，农田污染源的污染物总量和污染负荷率分别是17.44 t和4.68％；养殖污染物排放总量和污染源负荷分别是99.31 t和26.63％；生活源污染物的排放量和污染负荷率最大，分别达到256.19 t和68.69％；在COD、TN、TP 3个主要评价因子中，污染负荷率最高的是COD，达80.22％，TN污染负荷率为9.22％，TP的污染负荷率为10.56％；养殖业污染和人居生活污染源是界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染的主要来源，也是该小流域农业面源污染防控的重点。在治理该小流域农业面源污染时，应大力发展绿色、生态、循环农业，严格控制畜禽养殖污染，加大农村人居环境整治，强化政府在农业面源污染治理中的统筹引导作用等。     

升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价与越冬候鸟的响应

湿地生态环境及越冬水禽是升金湖自然保护区主要保护对象,其生态系统健康评价对生态系统修复及越冬水禽数量的恢复具有重要意义。利用ERDAS软件将1986、1990、1995、2000、2004、2008、2011及2015年共计8个年份冬季的TM影像数据解译划分为8种景观类型,用FRAGSTATS软件计算出各个年份的景观指标。根据升金湖湿地压力、状态、响应3方面选取10个指标,构建了升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,利用逻辑斯蒂增长曲线模式(Logisticgrowthmodel)对这些单项指标进行评价,然后运用层次分析(AHP)的方法确定各个单项因子在指标体系中的权重,最后对1986到2015年升金湖湿地生态系统运用综合评价模型进行综合的评价分析。2015年升金湖生态系统健康综合评价值为0.430,属于亚健康的状态,应及时加强升金湖湿地生态保护措施。通过1995年与2015年对比得知人口密度增长10%以上,人类干扰指数增长了6.685,人类的干扰压力是导致湿地功能下降的主要因素;从状态分析与响应分析可以看出升金湖湿地修复功能处于不稳定的状态。通过越冬候鸟数量与湿地生态系统健康的关系可以看出越冬侯鸟数量的变化是随着湿地的生态系统健康评价状况变化而变化。     

低温胁迫对不同产地降香黄檀幼苗生理特征影响

为探讨低温胁迫下降香黄檀的生理变化，筛选降香黄檀耐寒产地和向北引种栽培推广提供依据。通过来自8个不同产地的降香黄檀幼苗进行人工模拟先降温再复温处理，测定分析降香黄檀幼苗叶片的细胞膜透性、保护酶活性和激素等10个生理生化指标的变化规律，并通过方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析等方法筛选抗寒性能力强的产地降香黄檀。结果表明，8个产地降香黄檀叶片的REC、MDA含量和POD、SOD和CAT活性随着胁迫温度的降低而升高。低温胁迫下ABA显著>对照，GA₃、IAA和ZR减少。运用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合评价结果表明，8个不同产地降香黄檀抗寒能力大小依次为四川乐山、浙江温州、贵州罗甸、广东怀集、广东韶关、广西崇左、广东高要、海南尖峰。通过低温驯化，可以适当增强降香黄檀幼苗的耐寒能力。