A novel type of Potato virus Y recombinant genome,determined for the genetic strain PVYE

Two Potato virus Y (PVY) isolates collected in Brazil, PVY‐AGA and PVY‐MON, were identified as recombinants between two parent genomes, PVY^NTN and PVY‐NE‐11, with a novel type of genomic pattern. The new recombinants had an ordinary PVY^NTN genome structure for approximately 6·7‐kb from the 5′‐end of the genome whereas the 3′‐terminal 3·0‐kb segment had two fragments of NE‐11‐like sequence separated by another small PVY^NTN‐like fragment. PVY strains are defined based on the hypersensitive resistance (HR) response in potato indicators. Both PVY‐AGA and PVY‐MON isolates did not induce the HR in potato cultivars carrying Ny, Nc, or (putative) Nz genes and thus were able to overcome all known resistance genes to PVY. Only one of the two isolates, PVY‐AGA, induced a vein necrosis reaction in tobacco. The biological responses of the potato indicators and tobacco defined PVY‐MON as an isolate of the PVY^E strain. To distinguish PVY‐AGA and PVY‐MON from other PVY^NTN isolates, an RT‐PCR test was developed utilizing new specific primers from the capsid protein gene area and producing a characteristic 955‐bp band. Serological profiling of these PVY isolates with three monoclonal antibodies revealed an unusual reactivity, where one of the two commercial PVY^N‐specific monoclonal antibodies did not recognize PVY‐AGA. The ability of these new PVY recombinants to overcome resistance genes in potato producing mild or no symptoms, combined with the lack of serological reactivity towards at least one PVY^N‐specific antibody may present a significant threat posed by these isolates to seed potato production areas.     

Longer food chains and crowded niche space: effects of multiple invaders on desert stream food web structure

Tributaries of the Colorado River Basin, historically home to a complex of endemic omnivores collectively referred to as the ‘three species’; flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), bluehead sucker (C. discobolus) and roundtail chub (Gila robusta), have experienced the establishment of numerous non‐native fish species. In this study, we examine the impacts of the trophic ecology of non‐native fishes on the ‘three species’ in the San Rafael River, Utah, USA. We employ a suite of abundance comparisons, stable isotope techniques and size‐at‐age back‐calculation analyses to compare food web structure and growth rates of the ‘three species’ in study areas with and without established populations of non‐native species. We found that the ‘three species’ are more abundant in areas with few non‐native fishes present, regardless of habitat complexity. Stable isotope analyses indicate non‐native fishes lengthen the food chain by 0.5 trophic positions. Further, the trophic niche spaces of the native fishes shift and are narrower in the presence of non‐native fishes, as several non‐native species’ trophic niche spaces overlap almost entirely with each of the ‘three species’ (bluehead sucker and flannelmouth sucker 100%, roundtail chub 98.5%) indicating strong potential for competition. However, the ‘three species’ demonstrated no evidence of reduced growth in the presence of these non‐native fishes. Collectively, these results suggest that while non‐native fishes alter the food web structure presenting novel sources of predation and competition, mechanisms other than competition are controlling the size‐structure of ‘three species’ populations in the San Rafael River.     

农业科技查新的信息分析方法

科技查新的核心是对科技项目的创新性进行评价 ,这个评价的过程实质上是一个对查新项目内容的信息分析过程。本文从学科属性、创新类型、新颖程度三个方面论述了农业科技查新的信息分析方法     

新型高速滑动轴承的发展现状及其特性

超高速磨削可提高磨削效率、提高零件加工精度和工件表面粗糙度，是一项具有广阔应用前景的技术。主轴系统及高速轴承的设计及制造是超高速磨削主轴系统的一个关键技术。本文介绍了近期出现的新型高速滑动轴承的结构特点以及优缺点．并探讨了轴承的数值计算应考虑的问题。     

20世纪80年代以来世界杀菌剂新品种开发进展及发展趋势

综述了近20年来世界杀菌剂新品种的开发进展，并介绍了杀菌剂工业发展的一些新特点。     

柑桔转化酶基因家族新成员的克隆和序列分析

分析植物可溶性转化酶基因的保守区序列，设计一对PCR引物，以甜橙基因组DNA为模板。采用PCR方法扩增出长约1000bp的DNA片段。克隆入pUCm-T载体，测序结果表明获得柑桔酸性转化酶基因家族的一个新的成员。基因片段长1096bp。包括4个外显子和3个内含子，其序列已在GenBank中登记（登记号为AF433643）。在GenBank中进行同源性检索的结果表明，该成员编码的氨基酸与植物可溶性酸性转化酶的氨基酸同源性较高。与宽皮柑桔（GenBank登记号，AF312229）可溶性酸性转化酶基因编码的氨基酸具有77%的同源性，而与定位于细胞壁的（不溶性）酸性转化酶同源性较低。最高权33%（Fragaria ananassa,GenBankAF000521)。聚类分析结果表明该成员与我们已报道的2个柑桔酸性转化酶基因不同，推测我们获得的基因是转化酶基因家族的又一新成员（CS-VI1）。它与CU-AI1和CSCWI-1的核苷酸同源性分别为45.28%和44.85%。氨基酸同源性分别为27.58%和10.35%。3个成员间核苷酸和氨基酸序列较低的同源性，不会在South-ern,Northern和Western杂交中产生交叉干扰反应。     

抗癌新药紫杉醇的构效关系

紫杉醇是一种广谱抗癌新药，但存在水溶性差、副作用大的缺点。构效关系是以紫杉醇为先导化合物，通过Ｃ１３侧链和二萜环侧链的改造以及生物学评价而建立的。本文讨论了结构与活性的关系，以期通过化学结构的修饰合成高效低毒易溶于水的紫杉醇类似物。     

美国俚语的文体特征

美国俚语具有新颖时尚、亲密友好和生动形象等特征。     

新型梯形量水堰水力特性试验及数值模拟

梯形量水堰因结构简单、测流精度较高而广泛应用在灌区末端渠道上,但现有灌区梯形量水堰存在的测流范围小、泥沙易在堰前淤积问题严重制约着其应用推广,据此提出以改进堰为基础的堰孔组合的新型梯形量水堰.采用量纲一化分析法确定流量公式,并以水工模型试验结果为基础,率定数值模拟模型参数,利用Fluent软件计算获得4种新型梯形量水堰不同流量条件下的水深、堰流流量值、流速分布及速度矢量图,最后通过试验数据拟合出测流公式.结果表明:不同孔口高度的新型梯形量水堰孔口出流对堰上出流的影响随着堰前总水头的增大而逐渐减小;拟合的流量公式简明易用且通用性较高,平均相对误差为2.63%;将模拟结果与试验值做对比分析,二者吻合度较高,平均相对误差为2.53%,说明模拟结果具有一定的可靠性,可为堰孔组合式量水设施的工程设计提供参考依据.