Pruning enhances the susceptibility of Picea abies to infection by the bark beetle‐transmitted blue‐stain fungus,Ophiostoma polonicum

Defoliation of conifers occasionally precedes bark beetle attacks, suggesting that a severe loss of foliage and ensuing reductions in carbohydrate availability may enhance host tree susceptibility. To shed light on this question, different degrees of defoliation on young Picea abies were simulated by removing whole whorls of branches from below, the trees retaining 100, 50, or 25% of their original crown biomass. After one week or one year, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonkum, a tree‐killing fungus transmitted by Ips typographus.

Fungal proliferation and tree mortality increased with increasing levels of pruning. Pruning reduced stem diameter growth, but not carbohydrate reserves in foliage and bark. Foliar N, P, and Ca increased with increasing pruning. The results lend support to the hypothesis that a reduction in the photosynthesis capacity increases host tree susceptibility to a beetle‐fungus attack, and that induced defence against infection depends on efficient translocation of assimilates to the sites of infection.     

Effects of fermentable carbohydrates and low dietary phosphorus supply on the chemical composition of faecal bacteria and microbial metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

The objective was to determine the effects of fermentable carbohydrates on phosphorus (P) metabolism, the chemical composition of the faecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM) and the microbial activity in the large intestine (LI) of pigs. Eight barrows (mean BW 35.9 ± 0.9 kg), fitted with simple T‐cannulas at the terminal ileum, were either fed a low‐P corn–soybean meal‐based control diet or 75% of the control diet supplemented with 25% cellulose, starch or pectin according to a 4 × 3 Latin Square design. Both pectin and cellulose caused higher faecal than ileal P recoveries. Ileal volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels were more pronounced for the starch (p < 0.05) rather than the cellulose and pectin treatments, whereas pectin resulted in a higher faecal VFA concentration in comparison to starch and cellulose (p < 0.05). The differences in faecal VFA concentrations corresponded to the pH values obtained in faeces. The N content of MBM was higher (p < 0.05) when cellulose was supplemented. Pectin caused a decrease in the P content of the MBM compared to the control (p < 0.05). As a result, the N:P ratio was significantly higher for the pectin (N:P = 4.33) than for the control treatment (N:P = 2.63), while the Ca:P ratio remained constant for all treatments, suggesting changes in the accumulation of N, P and Ca in MBM, probably due to changes in the species composition and activity of the microflora.     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3D原核表达、纯化和反应原性分析

采用RT-PCR技术扩增获得口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)细胞毒O/Akesu/58的非结构蛋白3D(NSP 3D)基因编码区,并定向克隆到pProexHTb原核表达载体上,再将重组pProex-3D转化至大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导,表达产物用亲和层析法纯化,经SDS-PAGE鉴定和Western-blot分析抗原性;以纯化的表达蛋白免疫豚鼠制备其多克隆抗体,ELISA测定抗体效价,间接免疫荧光法检测制备的豚鼠抗NSP 3D多克隆抗体与细胞毒天然抗原的反应原性.结果表明:表达的目的蛋白大小为53ku左右;ELISA结果表明,制备的多克隆抗体效价达1∶1 024以上;Western-blot分析表明,纯化后的蛋白能与FMDV感染动物血清发生特异性反应;间接免疫荧光检测发现,豚鼠抗3D蛋白多克隆抗体可与细胞毒天然抗原反应,与阴性对照未见反应.     

Effect of level and source of nutrients in late gestation on subsequent milk yield and composition and fertility of dairy cows

The effect of level and source of nutrients in late gestation on food intake, milk yield, milk composition and fertility in the subsequent lactation were evaluated in a randomized block design experiment involving 76 cows. Four experimental diets, based on grass silage, were offered to provide two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake (80 and 125 MJ/cow/day) either from 100:0 or 40:60 forage:concentrate (F:C) ratios for the last 28 days of gestation. Post-calving all cows were offered the same grass silage supplemented with 7 kg/day concentrates. For treatments 80 ME, 125 ME and 100:0 F:C, 40:60 F:C total dry matter (DM) intakes were 6.8, 10.5, 9.0 and 8.4 kg DM/day and ME intakes were 80, 126, 102 and 104 MJ/day, respectively, during the last 4 weeks of gestation. For weeks 1-16 of the subsequent lactation, treatment 125 ME increased milk fat content and yield but had no effect on food intake, milk protein content or onset of cyclicity. Treatment 125 ME increased condition score and live weight at calving. Altering the F:C ratio of the diets in late gestation had no effect on food intake, milk yield, milk composition or on the onset of cyclicity in the subsequent lactation. Cow parity and level of nutrient intake in late gestation provided the best fit relationships for the yields of fat and fat plus protein (R² relationships=0.49 and 0.52, respectively) during weeks 1-16 of lactation. It is concluded that increasing nutrient intake in late gestation increased milk fat content and yield but had no effect on milk protein concentration. The improved milk fat content and yield observed in a previous study was due to increased nutrient intake rather than altering the F:C ratio. Furthermore there was no measurable benefit in food intake or animal performance in the subsequent lactation through feeding concentrates in late gestation.     

线虫内寄生真菌明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis)的营养研究

 明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis)是中国大豆胞囊线虫重要的内寄生菌,本研究采取固体和液体2种培养方法测定了6种天然培养基、20种碳源、19种氮源和9种维生素对其生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:H. minnesotensis在酵母葡萄糖琼脂(Yeast dextrose agar,YDA)培养基上生长最快,在麦芽浸膏琼脂(Malt extract agar,MEA)培养基上产孢最好,胰化大豆琼脂(Tryptic soy agar,TSA)培养基既不适合生长,也不适合产孢。在碳氮源研究中,Melibiose在固体培养基上显著促进H. minnesotensis气生菌丝生长,Glycogen是液体培养和孢子萌发最好的碳源。H. minnesotensis在以Casein为氮源的培养基上气生菌丝最多,Peptone是H. minnesotensis液体培养最好的氮源,大多数的氮源可以促进H. minnesotensis孢子萌发,但L-Cystine抑制孢子萌发,且在固体培养中不能被H. minnesotensis利用。维生素对H. minnesotensis的生长、产孢和孢子萌发有一定的促进作用。     

Effects of pregelatinized vs. native potato starch on intestinal weight and stomach lesions of pigs housed in barren pens or on straw bedding

In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs (approximately 25 kg) were assigned to either barren or straw housing and to native or pregelatinized potato starch included in the diet (35%) to investigate effects on intestinal weight and gastric lesions. Pigs were fed restrictedly (2.5 × MEm) for 5 weeks. At slaughter, weights of empty small intestine and stomach were determined. Stomachs were inspected for incidence of lesions in the pars oesophagea. No starch type × housing interactions were found. In pigs fed pregelatinized starch, weight of the small intestine (26.8 ± 0.4 g/kg BW) and stomach (7.6 ± 0.1 g/kg BW) were higher than in pigs fed native starch (24.9 ± 0.4; 7.1 ± 0.1 g/kg BW, respectively; P < 0.01). Straw bedding increased empty stomach weight (7.9 ± 0.1 vs. 6.8 ± 0.1 g/kg BW; P < 0.001), but not small intestine weight. Starch type did not affect stomach scores, but straw bedding reduced the incidence of gastric lesions to a very low level (scores 0.5 and 3.0 for straw and barren housing, P < 0.001). In conclusion, straw bedding reduced gastric lesions, reflecting either reduced environmental stress or a positive effect of physical stimulation. Pregelatinization of starch increased the empty weight of the proximal GI tract, possibly reflecting increased nutrient uptake.     

阿留申病毒强致病性毒株非结构蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据Genbank公布的全基因序列设计两对引物,利用PCR扩增技术,得到阿留申病毒非结构蛋白基因ADV-LN1、ADV-LN2,将其克隆至pMD18-T载体中进行序列测定,并与其它国内外毒株的非结构蛋白进行序列比较和分析。序列分析表明,同国外毒株相比核苷酸序列同源率NS1为87.8%～99.1%,NS2为87.7%～98.5%,NS3为85.4%～99.2%;氨基酸序列同源率NS1为82.5%～98.0%,NS2为81.6%～96.5%,NS3为78.2%～98.9%;与国内毒株相比核苷酸序列同源率NS1为91.5%～93.8%,NS2为93.0%～94.7%,NS3为93.5%～96.6%;氨基酸序列同源率NS1为87.4%～89.9%,NS2为87.7%～90.4%,NS3为88.5%～94.3%。系统进化树分析表明:国内流行毒株之间与欧美毒株之间,差异逐渐缩小,遗传变异趋势更加复杂。     

大豆胶中各组分对其黏度和湿强度的影响

用大豆分离蛋白(SPI)作为蛋白质基体,分别添加2种糖类物质和1种小分子氨基酸,用来模拟豆粉,探索豆粉中各个组分对胶黏剂黏度和湿强度的影响。结果表明:可溶性大豆多糖、甘氨酸均对SPI的黏度没有影响,但会使湿强度降低;而不溶性大豆纤维使SPI的黏度增大,但对湿强度没有影响。利用光学显微镜观察及DSC热分析讨论了蛋白质形态及变性对胶黏剂湿强度的影响。     

非结构集成材加工技术及质量控制

介绍了非结构集成材的分类，阐述了非结构集成材工艺流程、刨削加工、加工余量、操作技术及安装刀具的规则。确定了非结构集成材加工质量要求。