Ion Transport Dynamics in Acid Variable Charge Subsoils

This is a mini-review of the research work conducted by the authors with the objective of studying ion transport in variable charge subsoils collected from different areas around the world. An attempt is made in these studies to relate the unique behavior manifested during ionic transport in these subsoils with their mineralogical, physical and chemical properties, which are markedly different from those in soils from temperate regions. The variable charge subsoils have a relatively high salt sorption capacity and anion exchange capacity (AEC) that retards anions downward movement. The AEC correlates closely with the anion retardation coefficients. Ca²⁺ applied with gypsum in topsoil may be transported to the subsoil and may improve the subsoil chemical properties. These results may help in developing appropriate management strategies under a range of mineralogical, physical, and chemical conditions.     

Analysis of Nitrite Accumulation During Denitrification

To realize the purpose of enhanced nitrogen removal (TN<5 mg·L-1) in step feed process treating urban wastewater, by using SBR reactor, the nitrite accumulation, variation of pH and ORP as well as dynamic properties during denitrification with methanol and glucose as the sole carbon sources are investigated in details. The results show that for both carbon sources, serious nitrite accumulations are observed during denitrification under different ratios of nitrogen and carbon (C/N). With identical C/N, when glucose is used as carbon source there is more maximum NO2--N accumulation concentration. However, NO3--N reduction rate is faster than NO2--N reduction rate for both carbon sources. Furthermore, with the increase of C/N, the maximum NO2--N concentration increases and the time in which the NO2--N achieves the highest concentration is accordingly shortened. For glucose, however, under high C/N ratio (C/N=29.3) both the denitrification rate and NO2--N accumulation concentration decrease. Besides, the changes of pH and ORP reflect the variation of NO2--N accumulation concentration well because pH and ORP have the significant relationship with NO2--N concentration. The second inflexion on curves indicates the real end of denitrification process.     

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.     

用丝束电极研究亚硝酸钠对低碳钢缝隙腐蚀的影响

在5％NaCl溶液和5％NaCl＋5％NaNO2溶液中，采用丝束电极技术测量了低砖、钢缝隙内、外的自腐蚀电位和电化学阻抗谱，研究了亚硝酸钠对低碳钢缝隙腐蚀的影响．结果表明，在5％NaCl溶液中，缝隙内的碳钢为阳极、缝隙外为阴极；随浸泡时间增加，腐蚀不均匀性增加．加入5％NaNO2后，缝隙内外的腐蚀电位都正移，电位差减小，碳钢的腐蚀速度显著降低．亚硝酸钠使碳钢表面形成致密氧化膜，有效抑制了碳钢的缝隙腐蚀．     

离子束注入硅酸盐细菌诱变选育研究

硅酸盐细菌能分解铝硅酸盐类矿物中的钾、磷、硅等元素,直接供植物生长利用。采用低能N离子束注入技术对硅酸盐细菌进行诱变,然后经有氮培养基初筛、缺钾培养基复筛,获得解钾能力强的硅酸盐细菌S-05突变株,扫描电镜观察菌株的形态。进行盆栽试验,研究S-05菌株对水稻根际土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果发现,发酵液50倍稀释处理组速效钾含量最高,比原菌株处理组(CK1)和空白对照组(CK2)分别提高55.79%和260.84%。     

粳稻氩离子(Ar+)束诱变育种的细胞学效应研究

为了探明氩离子(Ar+)束注入粳稻产生突变的可行性,采用能量为30 keV,注入单位为2.6×1013Al+/cm2,系数为2 000,2 400,2 800,3000,3 200,3 600,6个不同剂量的Ar+束注入吉农大13、吉农大7、秋田小町3个粳稻品种(品系),研究了Ar+束注入后3个品种M1代的细胞学效应及细胞总畸变率与出苗率、分蘖成穗率、结实率3个农艺性状总生理损伤的相关性。结果表明:Ar+束注入粳稻种子后,细胞分裂指数受抑制,细胞分裂高峰期推迟,细胞畸变率高于对照,且细胞总畸变率有随剂量增加而增加的趋势。在有丝分裂中出现的主要畸变类型有微核、染色体桥、落后染色体及少数的核出芽。3个品种细胞总畸变率与总生理损伤呈正相关,其中“吉农大13”二者的相关性达极显著水平。     

上海浦东地区蔬菜硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐污染现状分析

对上海市浦东农业区蔬菜样品进行硝酸盐含量测定．结果表明：不同种类蔬菜硝酸盐含量高低依次为叶菜类、瓜类、豆类、茄果类，大棚蔬菜硝酸盐含量明显高于大田．对蔬菜硝酸盐含量评价结果表明：大棚部分叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐污染严重；杭白菜、空心菜、毛菜、苋菜与青菜已达三级污染水平，其中毛菜三级污染指数达1．28．蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量大小为叶菜类〉豆类〉茄果类〉瓜类，其中生菜、毛菜、扁豆、空心菜和苋菜超标，占样品总数的13．9％．     

草炭水溶解态有机质与金属离子络合稳定常数的测定

采用离子交换平衡法测定草炭水溶解态有机质与 Cu2 +、Pb2 +、Zn2 +、Cd2 + 4种金属离子 ,在 2种 p H条件下的络合稳定常数 .结果表明 ,金属离子与草炭水溶解态有机质通常形成混合或多核络合物 ;2种 p H条件下的络合配位数和稳定常数序列均为 :Cu2 + >Pb2 + >Zn2 + >Cd2 + ,高 p H条件下 ,络合配位数和稳定常数均明显增大     

红曲红色素替代亚硝酸钠作为腊肉中着色剂的研究

本试验设计使用了红曲色素作为亚硝酸盐的替代品,对其着色作用进行研究.实验中发现红曲红色素可以以注射形式添加到腊肉中,添加量为0.001%.     

吸水剂提高群众杨的抗盐性及其机理

该文利用盐敏感的群众杨,研究在盐胁迫条件下吸水剂对树木抗盐性的影响．实验中使用的是德国Stockhausen化学公司研制生产的新型吸水剂:Stocksorb 500 XL(钾-聚丙烯酸脂-聚丙烯酰胺共聚体)．土壤中施用0.5%吸水剂(干重)提高了群众杨的抗盐性．在盐胁迫期间,吸水剂处理显著抑制了有害盐离子Na+和Cl-在苗木叶片中的积累,提高了苗木的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(TRN)和光合速率(Pn),使苗木能够维持超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性,保持了活性氧清除能力．NaCl处理苗木在处理后25 d叶片出现盐害,Stocksorb 500 XL型吸水剂使苗木盐害出现的时间推迟20 d．吸水剂能调控植物对离子的吸收,主要源于吸水剂对盐分的缓冲作用和离子选择吸附作用:①Stocksorb 500 XL自身超强的吸水能力起到了稀释土壤盐分的作用,形成了植物根系生长的低盐环境;②通过对离子的选择吸附,吸水剂胶体富积了钙和镁,屏蔽了Na+离子．另外,Stocksorb 500 XL自身含有可被植物根系吸收利用的K+．所以,根系生长在这样的环境中,无疑将减少对有害盐离子的吸收、转运和积累,而增加对营养元素的吸收和利用,最终提高了植物的抗盐性．