中国水产品人工养殖对天然生产的挤出效应分析

借鉴政府财政支出挤入/挤出效应理论,利用1995-2013年统计数据,建立误差修正模型和协整模型,对中国水产品人工养殖对天然生产挤出效应进行了分析。结果表明,水产品人工养殖对天然生产存在挤出效应,且海水的挤出效应大于淡水。结合实际,进一步分析得出这种挤出效应的传导机制是水产品的价格,并分析了挤出效应产生的影响,最后提出了相关对策建议。     

1株能分泌抗MRSA活性物质的黏细菌的鉴定及发酵条件的优化

【目的】对黏细菌GIM1.813的菌株背景进行了解,为后期抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)活性物质的分离、鉴定奠定基础。【方法】通过菌落形态观察、扫描电镜、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,鉴定并归类细菌。同时,比较分析7种发酵培养基对GIM1.813产生活性物质的影响,并运用正交法对选出的培养基和发酵培养条件进行优化。【结果】GIM1.813的最适p H和最适温度分别为7.0和30.0℃,能耐受10 g·L-1的Na Cl。文中还提供了该菌株的生理生化、基因组DNA G+C含量和醌型数据。GIM1.813在7种发酵培养基中均生长良好,在IVY/2培养基中产生的代谢产物抑菌活性最高。正交法优化后,GIM1.813的发酵液抗MRSA活性提高了49.12%,且发酵过程中菌株生长情况改善。【结论】经鉴定,菌株GIM1.813为弱小珊瑚球菌Corallococcus exiguous。通过发酵优化,菌株GIM1.813分泌抗MRSA活性物质的能力显著提高,同时发现Mg2+以及淀粉能显著影响珊瑚球菌产天然产物的能力。     

利用两水平非线性混合效应模型建立温州地区天然阔叶树树高曲线

以永嘉县四海山林场7 块天然阔叶林样地中602株林木为例,首先选用6种常用的树高曲线方程模拟该阔叶林主要树种的树高曲线,根据决定系数、均方根误差、平均相对误差3个统计量以及残差图检验,确定1个用于构建混合效应模型的基础模型。然后确定树种间的差异和样地间的差异作为随机效应,构建两水平的非线性混合效应模型,并利用AIC、BIC等指标评价不同混合模型的效果。结果表明,在树种水平和样地水平均同时考虑2个参数的随机效应时,模拟温州地区天然阔叶树树高曲线混合效应模型拟合效果最好,能够显著提高模型的拟合精度、大幅度减小模型误差;混合效应模型随机参数的方差协方差表明,天然阔叶树的树高曲线的变化主要受树种的影响,其次是样地的影响。     

Effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt and on selected soilborne microorganisms

This study evaluated the effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in pots under controlled conditions. Their effects on the density of the pathogen, on the total fungi and on fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were also evaluated after two subsequent lettuce crops. A significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was found after the use of Brassica carinata pellets (52–79% reduction) and compost (49–67% reduction), while Brassica green manure and cattle and chicken manure only provided partial control of fusarium wilt. However, variations in effectiveness were observed for the same treatment in repeated trials. In general, an increase was observed in Pseudomonas and a decrease in fungal populations in the growing medium, which was obtained by mixing a blonde sphagnum peat and a sandy loam soil with B. carinata pellets and compost after two consecutive cropping cycles. Prolonging the Brassica and compost treatments from 30 to 60 days did not significantly affect disease severity, plant growth or the microbial population of the total fungi or Pseudomonas. The largest lettuce biomass was obtained in the non‐inoculated growing medium amended with brassica flour, chicken manure, B. carinata pellets and compost, as a consequence of fertilization. The treatment with B. juncea green manure, B. carinata (pellets and flour) and compost applied 30 days before planting led to promising results and merits further investigation for use under field conditions.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂种子包衣防治麦蚜的可行性评价

为评价不同新烟碱类杀虫剂处理种子防治小麦蚜虫的应用潜力,采用种子包衣法分别在室内及田间比较了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉防治小麦蚜虫的效果及安全性,并测定了吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的持效、对天敌和小麦产量的影响及其在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量。结果表明,在2.4、3.6和4.8 g/kg种子剂量下,啶虫脒明显降低小麦出苗率,而其它药剂均无显著影响;至抽穗前烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒和噻虫啉对麦蚜的防效低,吡虫啉和噻虫嗪则均有较高防效,在58.17%以上,而在小麦抽穗扬花期防效下降,为33.57%~60.46%。吡虫啉和噻虫嗪对叶部麦蚜防效均相应高于穗部。与喷雾处理相比,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪各剂量种子包衣对瓢虫和蚜茧蜂等天敌昆虫影响小,在3.6、4.8 g/kg种子剂量下,小麦千粒重和产量无显著差异,且在小麦籽粒中的残留量低。表明吡虫啉和噻虫嗪种子包衣防治麦蚜的应用潜力大。     

天敌产业化是全链条的系统工程

天敌昆虫及捕食螨在害虫害螨等的防控中发挥着重要作用,而其产业化在其中起着重要的支撑作用。天敌产业化受到多种因素的影响,包括技术、服务、理念、政策等多个层面。它是全链条式的,各个环节紧紧相扣,任何一个环节的断裂都会影响到整个产业化的发展。本文着重技术及服务等层面的分析与思考,强化全产业链理念,希望对我国天敌产业化的发展起到一定的推动作用。     

Revisiting safe biological limits in fisheries

The appropriateness of three official fisheries management reference points used in the north‐east Atlantic was investigated: (i) the smallest stock size that is still within safe biological limits (SSB_pa), (ii) the maximum sustainable rate of exploitation (F_msy) and (iii) the age at first capture. As for (i), in 45% of the examined stocks, the official value for SSB_pa was below the consensus estimates determined from three different methods. With respect to (ii), the official estimates of F_msy exceeded natural mortality M in 76% of the stocks, although M is widely regarded as natural upper limit for F_msy. And regarding (iii), the age at first capture was below the age at maturity in 74% of the stocks. No official estimates of the stock size (SSB_msy) that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) are available for the north‐east Atlantic. An analysis of stocks from other areas confirmed that twice SSB_pa provides a reasonable preliminary estimate. Comparing stock sizes in 2013 against this proxy showed that 88% were below the level that can produce MSY. Also, 52% of the stocks were outside of safe biological limits, and 12% were severely depleted. Fishing mortality in 2013 exceeded natural mortality in 73% of the stocks, including those that were severely depleted. These results point to the urgent need to re‐assess fisheries reference points in the north‐east Atlantic and to implement the regulations of the new European Common Fisheries Policy regarding sustainable fishing pressure, healthy stock sizes and adult age/size at first capture.     

用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数

堆肥浸提液是一种很好的液体肥料和生防剂。为了获得用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数,以腐熟猪粪堆肥为原料,采用正交试验研究了水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液为浸提剂,在好氧和厌氧条件下不同浸提比例（分别为1:10、1:8、1:6.67、1:5和1:4）和浸提时间（12～144 h）对堆肥浸提液中可提取的主要速效养分含量和可浸提主要成分提取率的影响。结果表明,用水作为提取剂时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间72 h;用0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液提取时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间36 h。说明水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液作提取剂,在常温下采用合适的提取比例和提取时间都能获得较好的养分提取效果。     

Three‐source partitioning of CO2 efflux from maize field soil by 13C natural abundance

A natural‐¹³C‐labeling approach—formerly observed under controlled conditions—was tested in the field to partition total soil CO₂ efflux into root respiration, rhizomicrobial respiration, and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Different results were expected in the field due to different climate, site, and microbial properties in contrast to the laboratory. Within this isotopic method, maize was planted on soil with C₃‐vegetation history and the total CO₂ efflux from soil was subdivided by isotopic mass balance. The C₄‐derived C in soil microbial biomass was also determined. Additionally, in a root‐exclusion approach, root‐ and SOM‐derived CO₂ were determined by the total CO₂ effluxes from maize (Zea mays L.) and bare‐fallow plots. In both approaches, maize‐derived CO₂ contributed 22% to 35% to the total CO₂ efflux during the growth period, which was comparable to other field studies. In our laboratory study, this CO₂ fraction was tripled due to different climate, soil, and sampling conditions. In the natural‐¹³C‐labeling approach, rhizomicrobial respiration was low compared to other studies, which was related to a low amount of C₄‐derived microbial biomass. At the end of the growth period, however, 64% root respiration and 36% rhizomicrobial respiration in relation to total root‐derived CO₂ were calculated when considering high isotopic fractionations between SOM, microbial biomass, and CO₂. This relationship was closer to the 50% : 50% partitioning described in the literature than without fractionation (23% root respiration, 77% rhizomicrobial respiration). Fractionation processes of ¹³C must be taken into account when calculating CO₂ partitioning in soil. Both methods—natural ¹³C labeling and root exclusion—showed the same partitioning results when ¹³C isotopic fractionation during microbial respiration was considered and may therefore be used to separate plant‐ and SOM‐derived CO₂ sources.     

典型黄土坡面天然草地产流产沙规律试验

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究黄土区天然草坡的产流、产沙规律。试验设2个地类（草地和裸地）、3个降雨强度水平和3个坡度水平。结果表明：坡面初始产流时间与降雨强度呈负相关关系,与裸地相比,草地在降雨强度较大时（〉2.0 mm/min）加快坡面产流,在中（1.0-2.0 mm/min）、小等级降雨强度（〈1.0 mm/min）下则延缓产流;降雨强度较大时,裸地大坡度的产流强度随时间呈对数函数形式增长,中小等级降雨强度下的增长方式不符合这一规律;与中、小等级降雨强度不同,裸地在降雨强度较大时的产流产沙过程不一致;与裸地相比,草地的产流过程更为复杂,并不符合产流强度随时间呈对数函数形式增长的一般规律,草地产沙过程线与产流过程线的相对吻合程度受降雨强度的影响不明显。