毛白杨杂种三倍体的2n雌配子形成途径鉴定

由于受杨树大孢子母细胞减数分裂不同步性影响,通过施加理化处理诱导杨树大孢子染色体加倍授粉杂交获得的三倍体,可能既包括来源于第一次减数分裂核复原形成的2n雌配子(FDR),也有来源于第二次减数分裂核复原形成的2n雌配子(SDR),难以进行表型鉴别,而通过分子标记分析可以实现不同类型2n雌配子的区分。本研究以通过高温诱导毛白杨大孢子染色体加倍所获得的87株三倍体及其亲本为材料,从母本杂合且与父本有差异的SSR多态性引物中,筛选出5对适宜于2n配子诱导途径来源鉴定的重组率较低的SSR分子标记。在此基础上,利用这5对低重组率SSR分子标记,开展毛白杨杂种三倍体的2n雌配子诱导途径来源分析。结果表明,不同毛白杨杂种三倍体的2n雌配子相应简单重复序列区域的等位基因配置不同,利用筛选出的5对低重组率SSR标记可以实现毛白杨杂种三倍体的2n雌配子诱导途径鉴定,其中35株三倍体来源于FDR型2n配子,另52株来源于SDR型2n配子。此外,选用5个位于高重组率位点的SSR引物进行检测分析,结果验证了随机挑选的SSR引物用于鉴别结果是不完全可靠的,只有挑选低重组率的SSR位点才可能准确鉴定2n配子来源。开展毛白杨杂种三倍体的2n配子诱导途径鉴定研究,对于FDR、SDR不同形成途径的2n配子传递亲本杂合性分析,以及毛白杨三倍体育种策略制定等具有重要意义。      

荧光光谱法测定两药片剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量

利用七元瓜环的荧光增敏作用测定盐酸小檗碱片和复方黄连素片中盐酸小檗碱(C20H18ClNO4)的含量。结果表明:在pH值为2.0、λex=345.07 nm、λem=498.07 nm条件下,盐酸小檗碱的浓度在2×10-8~1×10-5mol/L具有良好的线性关系,加样回收率为97%~103%,RSD在1.5%以内。本方法适用于盐酸小檗碱含量的测定。     

白菜2n配子诱导及有性多倍化创制四倍体的研究

以165份白菜(2n=2x=20)品系中筛选出的11份含2n配子较高的株系为材料,用不同浓度秋水仙素处理花蕾,诱导2n配子;以其为父本,以四倍体雄性不育系为母本进行有性多倍化杂交,从F1中筛选鉴定四倍体。结果表明:用0.20%秋水仙素5~10μL微量注射3mm的二倍体白菜花蕾,处理1次,诱导2n配子效果最好,2n配子频率达20.20%,是未经秋水仙素处理对照的3.63倍。80株杂交F1中,染色体计数显示14株为四倍体(2n=4x=40),占17.5%。与二倍体相比,有性多倍化获得的四倍体在植株形态、气孔、花器官等方面均表现巨大性,气孔密度和结实率降低。     

月季抗黑斑病育种研究进展

现代月季栽培中黑斑病发生普遍且严重,综述了现代月季抗黑斑病育种研究进展,指出了生物技术、远缘杂交在现代月季抗黑斑病育种中的应用前景,如2n配子具有杂种和多倍体的双重优势,可克服两者的倍性差异,在种质创新和育种中具有特殊的应用价值。     

内蒙古不同类型草地土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性

土壤氮矿化(Nitrogen mineralization)是土壤氮循环的重要环节,对土壤氮素供应以及植物生产力的维持具有十分重要的意义。沿中国东北草地样带(Northeastern China Transect, NECT)分别在典型草地、过渡草地及荒漠草地设置了3个实验样地,利用不同温度(5、10、15、20 ℃和25 ℃)和不同水分(30%、60%和90%土壤饱和含水量,Saturated soil moisture, SSM)的室内培养途径,探讨了不同类型草地的土壤氮矿化速率、土壤氮矿化的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)及其主要影响因素。实验结果表明:从典型草地至荒漠草地,土壤全碳、全氮、全磷、微生物生物量碳氮含量均表现为逐渐下降的趋势;类似地,土壤净氮矿化速率、硝化速率也逐渐降低。在20 ℃和60% SSM时,土壤净氮矿化速率表现为典型草地 (0.715 mg N kg^-1 d^-1) > 过渡草地 (0.507 mg N kg^-1 d^-1) > 荒漠草地 (0.134 mg N kg^-1 d^-1);相反,温度敏感性却逐渐升高,温度敏感性与基质质量指数呈负相关。草地类型和水分对于土壤净氮矿化速率、硝化速率具有显著影响,且二者间具有显著的交互效应。包含温度和水分的双因素模型可很好地拟合土壤氮矿化速率的变化趋势(P < 0.0001),二者可共同解释土壤硝化速率92%-96%的变异。土壤氮矿化沿着草地演替呈现出很好的空间格局、并与温度和水分具有密切关系,为解释内蒙古草地空间分布格局提供了理论基础。     

Yield and tuber characteristics of 4x progeny from 2x×2x crosses

Summary Unrelated, unselected 2x haploid-species hybrids that produce 2n eggs, by second division restitution and 2n pollen due to first division restitution were intercrossed to generate 4x progeny. The 19, 4x families were compared with seven cultivars for tuber yield, tuber appearance and tuber set. The mean yield of the 4x families was 30% higher than the mean yield of the cultivars. The best five 4x families outyielded the best five cultivars by 57% and 69% at two locations. Cultivars were superior for tuber appearance and tuber set. The high yields of the 4x families are due to genetic diversity of the 2x parents and their ability to transmit that diversity to the 4x progeny utilizing 2n gametes. The potential of the 2x×2x breeding method is dependent on developing 2x hybrid clones that form 2n eggs and possess desirable tuber types; clones producing 2n pollen and good tuber quality are available.     

花团状纳米铜的表征及抑菌性能研究

以六元瓜环(Q[6])为修饰剂,抗坏血酸为还原剂,硫酸铜为铜源,采用液相化学还原法制备纳米铜。并利用XRD和SEM方法对产物进行了表征,结果显示目标产物为花团状单质纳米铜。然后考察了纳米铜对革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌的抑制情况,结果表明,250μg/m L花状纳米铜对大肠杆菌具有良好的抑制作用。     

冬季东海外海鱼类群落特征及其对拉尼娜事件的响应

根据2004年12月和2008年12月东海区渔业资源底拖网调查资料,利用多元分析[非度量多变量排序(nMDS)、SIMPER],对比分析正常年份(2004年)和拉尼娜(La Ni(n)a)年份(2008年)不同生态属性鱼类的变化特征,探究鱼类群落结构对拉尼娜事件的响应模式.结果表明,2008年冬季与2004年冬季相比,调查水域的种类组成由45种增加至61种,其中,暖水性种类比例减少,暖温性种类比例增加.主要优势种年间变化不大,仍为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),两者资源密度之和分别占总资源密度的59.95％和55.16％.不同生态属性种类的资源密度发生了显著变化,以带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)为代表的暖水性鱼类资源密度下降,而以小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为代表的暖温性鱼类资源密度增加.研究水域生物丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J))的均值均有所升高,但独立样本t检验表明,年间3指数间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).在捕捞压力保持相对稳定的情况下,群落组成的变化可能与拉尼娜事件有关,未来需要掌握不同种类对拉尼娜事件的响应模式.     

Genome composition of triploid lily cultivars derived from sexual polyploidization of Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lilium</Emphasis>)

About 19 cultivars, which had originated from backcrosses between F1 LA (Longiflorum × Asiatic) hybrids (2n = 2x = 24) as female parents and Asiatic cultivars as male parents (2n = 2x = 24), were analyzed with genomic in situ hybridization. 17 of them were triploid (2n = 3x = 36), and two aneuploid (2n = 3x + 1 = 37). The triploid cultivars had resulted from the functional 2n eggs produced by the female parents (F1 hybrids) because first division restitution (FDR) occurred in their meiosis during megasporogenesis. Similarly, the aneuploid cultivars had originated from viable 2n + 1 eggs. The extra chromosome in cultivar 041555 or 041572 resulted from one univalent or one half-bivalent which might have lagged behind when the sister chromatids of the other univalents and half-bivalents were segregating during the FDR process in their LA hybrid parents, respectively. That the majority of cultivars possessed recombinant chromosomes showed that intergenomic recombination might play an important role during the selection of the cultivars directly from BC1 progenies. That five cultivars of the 15 recombinant cultivars only had reciprocal recombinant chromosomes and 10 cultivars had non-reciprocal recombinant chromosomes indicates that the latter are more important. Because 9 of the 10 non-reciprocal recombinant cultivars possessed substitutions for recombinant segments, it also indicated that such substitutions could be an important source for the genetic variation in the sexual triploid BC1 progenies. In such cases there was a potential for the expression of the recessive genes of the backcross parent in a nulliplex (aaa) condition in the substituted segments. Genetic variation resulting from such nulliplex loci might have played a role in the selection of some of the cultivars.