栗疫病菌表型特征的遗传分析

 本文对栗疫病菌的菌落形态、α-酯酶、β-酯酶及营养体亲和性(VC)特征进行了遗传分析。对有性后代的38个单子囊孢子菌株的研究结果显示:亲本菌株366与68的菌落形态、β-酯酶中(采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法)相对迁移率为2.17和2.33的2条酶带的遗传分别由1个位点上的2个等位基因控制;α-酯酶中相对迁移为2.54与2.772条酶带的遗传由相互连锁的2个基因位点控制;α-酯酶与β-酯酶间存在完全连锁关系;菌株366与68之间至少存在4个VC基因差异。     

Lymphoid neoplasia in the koala

Objective Correlation of immunophenotype with history, anatomical and morphological features of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala.
Methods Routine necropsies were performed on 51 koalas with suspected lymphoid neoplasia between 1986 and 1997 in New South Wales and Queensland. Immuno-phenotyping was by an immunoperoxidase method utilising species cross-reactive antibodies raised against human lymphocytes and an antibody raised against koala IgG. Cases were classified according to organs and tissues affected and the morphological features of neoplastic cells.
Results Twenty-six (51%) of the cases were of the T cell immunophenotype, 12 (24%) were of B cell immunopheno-type and 13 (25%) did not stain. The age and sex of koalas did not correlate with immunophenotype (P = 0.686 and P = 1.000, respectively). Thirty-two cases were leukaemic and 36 had multiple organ involvement, probably reflecting presenta tion of koalas at advanced stages of disease. Abdominal tissue involvement was most common (44 cases), followed by nodal (32), atypical (21) and cervicomediastinal (14). The T cell immunophenotype was over-represented among the leukaemic cases (P = 0.013). Generally, the T cell immunophenotype predominated except for many affected atypical tissues. Neoplastic cells were mostly of medium nuclear size with round to oval nuclei. No correlations were found for cell morphology, mitotic index and immunopheno-type.
Conclusion The prognostic value of an immunopheno-typic, anatomical and morphological basis for the classifica tion of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala currently is limited by the need to detect these neoplasms at an early age, the requirement for freshly fixed tissues and the restricted range of available cross-reacting antibodies.     

Normal haematopoiesis,cellular components and stainable iron content in the bone marrow of camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Bone marrow samples were collected from the ribs of 20 healthy adult male Iranian camels (Camelus dromedarius). The bone marrow smears were stained using Wright's stain. Blood samples were collected at the same time for routine haematological examination. The development and morphology of the blood cells in the bone marrow of the camels were similar to those of other domestic species. The mean myeloid/erythroid ratio was 1.21, the mean erythroid percentage was 42.7% and the mean myeloid percentage was 52.0%. The mean percentage of other cells was 5.3%. The mean percentage of eosinophils in the myeloid series was higher than in other domestic species. Iron stores, estimated from Perl's stain, ranged from scant (1+) to moderate (3+) but most samples had 2+ iron content. All peripheral blood results were within reference ranges.     

棉花不同生育期淹水历时对其生长状况和产量构成的影响

通过桶栽土培试验,分别在苗期(S)、蕾期(B)、花铃期(F)和吐絮期(T)进行淹水2、4、6、8、10 d的处理,淹水深度均为5 cm,并以全生育期不淹水为对照(CK),探索了黄淮地区夏季棉花不同生育期淹水历时对其生长状况和产量构成的影响。结果表明,在棉花苗期、蕾期和花铃期淹水6 d后,株高和叶面积开始显著小于CK(P0.05)。不同生育期淹水处理均会导致棉花株高、叶面积、果枝数、节数、铃数和单铃质量的下降,且淹水历时越长,下降幅度越大。淹水导致棉花减产最为严重的生育期为花铃期,其余依次为蕾期、苗期和吐絮期,4个生育期在淹水2~10 d条件下的平均减产率分别为28.0%、12.9%、7.3%和2.9%。在棉花苗期,当淹水不超过6 d时,如果排涝及时,其形态指标及产量构成均能在吐絮期恢复至与CK无显著差异水平。在棉花蕾期淹水关键期为4 d,而在花铃期即使淹水2 d也可导致其形态发育停滞,产量无法恢复至CK水平。     

枸杞炭疽病生防菌株筛选、生物功能测定及防治效果

为研发对枸杞炭疽病有良好防治效果的生防制剂，利用枸杞炭疽病菌Colletotrichum acutatum对实验室已分离保存的芽胞杆菌菌株进行室内筛选，并对拮抗效果较好的菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定、病原菌孢子萌发抑制试验、生物学功能测定、稳定性测定、抑菌谱测定以及室内离体防治效果试验和田间防治效果试验。结果表明，菌株F3A对枸杞炭疽病菌有较好的拮抗作用，对枸杞炭疽病菌菌丝的抑制率为62.13%；结合形态学特征、16S rDNA以及gyrA基因序列分析，将菌株F3A鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis；菌株F3A具有溶解有机磷和无机磷的能力，在含色氨酸和不含色氨酸的金氏培养液中产吲哚乙酸量分别为5.76 mg/L和5.74 mg/L；菌株F3A产蛋白酶和葡聚糖酶的活性较高；菌株F3A连续培养20代后，对枸杞炭疽病菌的抑制率为61.21%，该菌对棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vesinfectum、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜枯萎病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、番茄叶霉病菌Cladosporium fulvum、茄子菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和黄芪根腐病菌F.solani的抑制率分别为40.71%、53.58%、32.00%、53.00%、79.27%、71.13%和66.08%；菌株F3A发酵液的保护作用明显优于治疗作用，菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液室内预防效果为90.32%；喷施菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液3 d和7 d后的田间防治效果分别为78.26%和63.19%。表明菌株F3A有作为开发枸杞炭疽病生物农药的潜力。     

白虎汤对鸡毒支原体体外抑制作用及其超微结构的影响

目的:观察鸡毒支原体(MGPG31)形态和超微结构变化,探讨白虎汤体外对MGPG31抑制作用的机理。方法:(1)用二倍稀释法测定白虎汤对MGPG31的MIC;(2)在MIC(0.094g/ml)和亚MIC(0.0235g/ml)的条件下取白虎汤与鸡毒支原体培养48h后的样品,通过透射电镜观察支原体的形态和超微结构变化。结果:白虎汤对鸡毒支原体的MIC1和MIC2分别为0.047g/ml和0.094g/ml。白虎汤主要作用于繁殖期支原体,影响细胞膜通透性和形态而起到抑制作用。     

中国甘肃东北部地区东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)形态学研究

本研究采集甘肃东北部地区泾川蜂场、庄浪蜂场和平凉蜂场的东方蜜蜂Apis cerana43群,采样点地貌包括山地、丘陵和平原。运用蜜蜂形态学研究方法对东方蜜蜂40个形态特征指标进行测量分析。运用SPSS13.0对蜜蜂形态数据进行方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及环境因子相关性分析。研究结果表明:甘肃东北部地区不同采样点东方蜜蜂形态特征指标存在显著差异,而且与环境因素显著相关。     

CIMMYT牧草与普通玉米杂交后植物学形态变异研究

[研究目的]为发掘利用CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和抗逆能力强等优良遗传特性,改良普通玉米材料的抗逆性和创制新型饲草材料.[方法]以CIMMYT牧草和4个普通玉米自交系为遗传交配材料,比较研究了CIMMYT牧草和4个杂交(回交)后代材料的植物学形态特征及其与普通玉米的差异.[结果]CIMMYT牧草能将其生长繁茂、分蘖力强、生物产量高的特性遗传给杂交后代材料,并有较强的世代传递能力;该牧草幼苗、植株及其生长习性、花器官、种子特征等与普通玉米差异明显,其与普通玉米的杂交后代基本保持了它的生长发育特性,但花器官和种子特征更偏向于普通玉米;回交后代除保持了一定的分蘖特性、明显的多穗和返祖现象外,其余特征特性与普通玉米基本没有区别.[结论] CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和生物产量高的特性能遗传给杂交后代,世代传递能力较强,通过遗传改良途径,能将CIM-MYT牧草的优良特性转育到普通玉米中,培育出饲草玉米育种新材料.     

The use of volunteers for conducting sponge biodiversity assessments and monitoring using a morphological approach on Indo‐Pacific coral reefs

• 1. Sponges are an important component of coral reef ecosystems, but even though they are widespread with the ability to significantly influence other benthic community members they rarely feature to any great extent in current monitoring or biodiversity assessment programmes conducted by volunteer and professional groups. This exclusion is usually because of the taxonomic problems associated with sponge identification.
• 2. A potential alternative to monitoring temporal or spatial change in sponge assemblages and assessing biodiversity levels is to characterize sponges using morphologies present rather than collecting species data. Quantifying sponge biodiversity (for monitoring and biodiversity assessments) at the morphological level is less time and resource consuming than collecting species data and more suited to groups with little training and experience of sponge taxonomy or in regions where detailed taxonomic information on sponges is sparse.
• 3. This paper considers whether the same differences and similarities in sponge richness and assemblage composition can be identified using species and morphological data in response to environmental gradients at two coral reef ecosystems in south‐east Sulawesi, Indonesia, and whether volunteers can be used to reliably collect morphological information. Sponge morphologies were classified into 14 groups and different morphological assemblages were found by the author at the two sites and between depth intervals. Comparisons of sponge species and morphological composition data showed that common patterns in assemblage structuring and richness could be identified irrespective of whether morphological or species data were used. In addition, a positive linear relationship was found between sponge species and morphological richness.
• 4. The morphological data recorded by volunteer divers (n=10) were compared with that collected by the author. Although volunteers recorded fewer sponges than the author (approximately 15% less), missing mainly small encrusting specimens, similar assemblage structure could be identified from both the volunteers' and the author's data.
• 5. The results showed that the same differences in sponge assemblages between sites and depths could be identified from both species and morphological data. In addition, these morphological data could be reliably collected by volunteer divers.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Supplemental effect of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet on hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The supplemental effects of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based fish meal-free diet on the hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. A fish meal-based diet (FM), three fish meal-free diets supplemented either with soybean lecithin (SL), bovine gall powder (BG) or cholyltaurine (C-tau) and an unsupplemented fish meal-free diet (NFM), were given to fish (−11 g) for 10 weeks. The growth was the lowest in fish fed diet NFM, intermediate in fish fed diet SL and the highest in fish fed diet FM, BG and C-tau. Hepatocytes of fish fed diet NFM were atrophied, and the distal intestine of these fish showed abnormal features: disintegrated microvilli and fatty degeneration in epithelial cells and increased amount of connective tissue in the submucosa. Hepatic and intestinal histological features in fish fed diets SL, BG and C-tau were similar to those in fish fed diet FM. These results indicate that soybean lecithin, bovine bile salts and cholyltaurine have similar effects on normalizing the hepatic and intestinal morphologies of rainbow trout fed the SBM-based diet, although growth promotion effect was limited in the soybean lecithin.