机动脱粒机上安装秸秆切碎装置的前景分析

水稻收割由于其特殊的环境及农村经济条件，在目前很长的一段时间内，仍旧是小型机动脱粒机的天下。为此设计一种在机动脱粒机上安装秸秆切碎装置，并对秸秆切碎装置时的设计提出了应考虑的几个问题，并分析了安装该装置的市场前景。     

海冰水灌溉对玉米产量影响的研究

以玉米为对象,分别进行了盐度为0.1%、0.3%、0.5%和0.7%海冰水灌溉试验。结果表明:盐度为0.3%海冰水以450 m3/hm2灌溉时,能减轻作物干旱胁迫,增产效果显著,但灌水量增加到900 m3/hm2和1350 m3/hm2时反而减产。盐度达到0.5%时,3种灌水量处理比0.3%盐度900 m3/hm2处理区,减产9.5%、10.8%和18.4%。当海冰灌溉水盐度为0.7%灌水量1350 m3/hm2时,产量接近全旱处理区产量水平。玉米经不同盐度海冰水灌溉,产量差异达显著水平。     

Effect of drying on soil strength and corn emergence

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drying on soil strength and corn emergence (Zea mays L.). Corn was germinated in Billings silty clay under a bank of heat lamps which operated 9, 14, 19, or 24 h per day. Soil strength (modules of rupture), soil moisture content and emergence were measured daily.The relationship of soil strength to corn seedling emergence as influenced by the four light and heat durations and bare and mulched soil surfaces was determined. As soil strength increased emergence decreased until it ceased at soil strengths of about 80 kPa. Strength of this soil had a high negative correlation with soil water content and increased with time. Mulching decreased initial rate of drying, decreased crust strength, and improved corn emergence. The 14-hour light and heat treatment resulted in the highest corn emergence.Contribution from Colorado State Experiment Station, USDA-ARS Snake River Conservation Research Center, and USDA-ARS Fort Collins, respectively     

The effect of salinity on corn yield using the CERES-maize model

In most cases, when calculating soil water availability, only thewater content is considered. The effect of salinity on the wiltingpoint is neglected. The objective of this work is to use asimulation model (CERES-maize) in order to predict cornyields as a function of water salinity under severalenvironmental, agrotechnical, and plant characteristics. A modelis presented in which the wilting point is a function of the soilsalt content. At high salinity, the water content at wilting pointis higher than at low salinity, resulting in an insufficient amountof available water and, therefore, a reduced yield. The modelwas used to simulate several theoretical and experimentalsituations for forage corn and grain corn. Simulation resultsshowed that nitrogen fertilization increases the salinity thresholdvalue and the yield sensitivity (rate of yield reduction per unitof salinity). The also showed that forage corn is more sensitiveto salinity than grain corn. If the soil is not leached, a heaviersoil texture has a higher salinity threshold value. On the otherhand, if the soil is leached, the soil texture has no influence onthe salinity threshold value and the yield is less sensitive tosalinity in sandy soils. The determination coefficient (r²= 0.75) indicated that the results of the simulations were in goodagreement with the field data.     

Agricultural practice changes with cultivating genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

To facilitate weed suppression, oilseed rape or canola (Brassica napus) has been genetically modified (GM) over the last two decades to incorporate herbicide tolerance (HT). The introduction of oilseed rape in commercial agriculture raises concerns about potential adverse agronomic and environmental effects linked to both the genetic modification and altered agricultural practice. How will this new crop modify the existing cropping practice? What are the potential agro-environmental implications of its introduction? This paper analyses and schematises recorded and conceivable agricultural practice changes with GMHT oilseed rape introduction and its likely agro-environmental effects. It develops a conceptual systematics of influencing factors, subsequent practice changes and likely agro-environmental effects. The results can be used to design the mandatory monitoring of adverse GM crop effects.     

我国粮食仓储技术的概况与发展

粮食安全储存是个世界性难题,如何发展、提升和完善粮食仓储技术是我国政府面临的一项亟待解决的课题.为此,在提出粮食仓储技术内涵的基础上,首先概述总结了我国粮食仓储设施及方式的发展历程;其次在分析国内储粮技术研究发展现状的基础上,重点介绍了低温储粮、气调储粮两种绿色环保型储粮技术及计算机技术在仓储上的应用;论述了我国仓储设备的整体发展现状;最后指出了我国仓储技术的存在的问题与发展趋势.     

秸杆覆盖保墒效果探讨

本文以试验资料的计算结果为依据，研究了秸杆覆盖的保墒效果。研究结果表明，条带状秸杆覆盖在产量、单位面积耗水量以及水分利用率等方面，都比无覆盖和全覆盖优越，从而为生产部门的推广和应用提供了依据     

麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环对固形产物的影响

为了减少生物质湿解过程的排放和水的消耗,以麦秆为原料,麦秆湿解水溶液为溶剂,在高温高压反应釜中,进行了反应温度为220℃,停留时间为120 min条件下的水循环湿解实验研究,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析仪的检测分析结果对使用循环水作为溶剂时的麦秆湿解固体产物的微晶结构、化学组成和热稳定性进行了深入分析。研究发现,随水循环次数的增加,固体产物产率和固碳率逐渐增加,同使用新鲜水的麦秆湿解实验相比较,水循环第6次时,固体产物产率和固碳率分别增加至78.7%和92.4%;麦秆湿解固体的有序化程度亦随水循环次数的增加而增加,微晶结构接近于石墨化的程度逐渐提高,有机官能团和脂肪族结构逐渐减少,芳香化和炭化程度逐渐提高;热重分析表明,麦秆湿解固体热稳定性较好,并随水循环次数的增加,热稳定性逐渐增强。麦秆湿解反应水溶液循环利用有益于固体目标产物的生成,并可改善产物的理化特性。     

回转筒内秸秆碎料回转周期和料层完全混合时间研究

基于试验和理论分析,研究了回转筒型固态发酵罐内秸秆粉碎料的料床回转周期,建立了数学模型,其计算准确度达95%以上;结合图像分析法和料床回转周期,发现筒内上下料层完全混合时料层所转圈数与筒体转速关系不大,与筒内料体积填充率呈线性关系。由此回归并推导出只需知道筒内料体积填充率和筒体转速,便可预测上下料层完全混合的公式,其计算准确度达90%以上。提出了以上研究成果在工业级发酵罐中应用的方法。     

葡萄糖水溶液环境对麦秆水热产物特性的影响

为了研究葡萄糖对水热炭化反应过程和水热焦形成的影响,以麦秆为原料,利用高温高压反应釜,对麦秆在葡萄糖水溶液环境中的炭化反应过程和水热焦理化结构演变及液相产物主要组分浓度分布的变化进行了分析。研究发现,在反应温度220℃,停留时间120 min条件下,随着葡萄糖添加量的增加,水热焦产率和碳质量分数有所增加,而氢和氧质量分数未发生明显改变,当葡萄糖添加量为麦秆质量的0.4倍时,水热焦产率达68.56%;葡萄糖分子阻碍了麦秆中主要化学组分的分解与炭化反应,使得水热焦炭聚合物的红外吸收特征峰减弱,同时XRD衍射峰强度降低,热稳定性下降,如选择水热炭化过程水循环利用,可进行可溶性糖分离;在麦秆与葡萄糖共同水热炭化过程中,葡萄糖以分解反应为主,同未添加葡萄糖的麦秆水热炭化液相产物相比,糠醛、5-HMF和乙酸的质量浓度均有所增加,其中5-HMF增加最为显著,至葡萄糖添加量为4 g时,达20.21 g/L。