Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator

Human impact on the oceans predates scientific observation, which for many animal populations has captured only recent changes. Such a limited knowledge can hamper finding optimal management and conservation strategies including setting appropriate recovery targets. Sawfishes are among the most endangered marine vertebrates in the ocean. Historical human impacts have resulted in sawfish extinction in many coastal areas around the world; however, in the Mediterranean Sea, their past presence and possible extinction have been debated for decades. Recently, it was concluded that the region never hosted resident populations because of unsuitable environmental conditions. Through an extensive bibliographic and archival search and an extinction analysis, we reconstructed the history of sawfishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Between 1576 and 1959, there were 48 independent accounts of the occurrence of two sawfish species (Pristis pristis, Pristidae and Pristis pectinata, Pristidae), including 24 documented catches. Sawfishes were mainly recorded in the western Mediterranean, in areas close to large rivers with light human impact. Most of the documented individuals were juveniles, suggesting local parturition. Extinction analyses yielded variable results and were affected by the sparseness of records but suggested that both species went extinct in the Mediterranean Sea in the 1960s–1970s. Our results challenge current assumptions on sawfish ecology and biogeography, offer new options for sawfish conservation in the Atlantic and highlight the importance of historical analyses for reconstructing ecosystem baselines and setting recovery targets.     

鸭A-FABP基因多态性在品种和世代间的比较分析

为了解脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein,A-FABP)基因在不同鸭品种、世代间的突变情况,以山麻鸭、巢湖鸭、金定鸭(3个世代群体)等9个鸭品种为材料,设计2对引物,用SSCP方法检测A-FABP基因多态性,比较不同鸭品种之间、金定鸭3个世代群体之间基因型、等位基因频率、群体遗传参数。结果显示,9个鸭品种中共形成A、B、C、D 4个等位基因,对不同基因型序列进行比较发现,在内含子1中有6个单核苷酸突变。在9个鸭品种中,B等位基因频率均明显高于A、C、D。大部分鸭品种之间基因型频率存在显著性差异,金定鸭3个世代群体之间基因型频率无明显差异。所有鸭品种的群体杂合度都在0.4以上,山麻鸭、攸县麻鸭、广西小麻鸭、金定鸭3个世代群体均为中度多态,其他鸭品种为高度多态。除山麻鸭和临武鸭外,其他鸭品种均处于HardyWeinberg平衡状态。可见,鸭不同品种中A-FABP基因具有丰富的单核苷酸多态性,采用小群保种方式,金定鸭A-FABP基因多态位点形成的基因型频率在世代间无显著性变化。     

杂交水稻制种父母本同栽插秧机设计与试验

针对目前杂交水稻制种父母本人工插秧劳动强度大、效率低、成本高等问题,设计一种杂交水稻制种父母本同栽插秧机,可以同时栽插2行父本钵体苗和10行母本毯状苗。该机器在2ZT 9358型乘坐式水稻插秧机的基础上研制而成,根据杂交水稻制种农艺要求,确定了关键结构参数,并设计了父母本秧苗分插机构和移箱机构螺旋轴等关键零部件。田间试验表明：该机作业性能良好,生产率为0.35 hm2·h-1,父本秧苗和母本秧苗的伤秧率分别为2.7%,2.4%,漂秧率分别为2.2%,2.0%,漏插率分别为3.1%,3.2%,翻倒率分别为2.5%,2.1%,插秧深度合格率均为94%,相对均匀度合格率分别为90.5%,91.8%,符合水稻插秧机技术条件（GB/T 20864-2007）,可满足实际生产要求。     

Effect of temperature on growth performance of greater amberjack (SERIOLA DUMERILI Risso 1810) Juveniles

In order to successfully diversify Mediterranean aquaculture, it is necessary to determine optimum culture conditions of potential candidate species such as greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Among culture conditions, rearing temperature is a key factor for achieving optimum growth and maintaining fish welfare. However, little is known about the optimum culture conditions of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different rearing temperatures (17, 22 and 26°C) during 120 days on growth performance, body morphometry, biochemical composition, gut transit and liver morphology of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles. After 120 days of rearing, fish raised at 26°C showed higher (p < .05) body weight and specific growth rate than fish held at lower temperatures, as well as improved feed utilization, protein efficiency and nutrient retention percentages. Fish stomach emptying was faster (p < .05) in fish raised at 26°C than in fish held at 22°C and 17°C. Similar results were obtained for gut transit time, being gut emptying faster (p < .05) in fish reared at 26°C than in fish cultured at lower temperatures. Rearing temperature also induced changes in fish morphology which resulted in a higher (p < .05) caudal propulsion efficiency index for fish reared at 26°C. Based on these results, we conclude that greater amberjack fingerlings perform better at 26°C than at 22°C or 17°C.     

圆盘式果园开沟机刀盘作业模态分析

以果园开沟机的开沟装置为研究对象,设计了开沟机的传动机构,使用SolidWorks进行各齿轮造型并根据实际传动比进行配合,此齿轮传动为减速传动。利用Inventor对开沟机进行三维造型,并对开沟装置进行模态分析。结果表明:弯曲变形是开沟机发生破坏的主要形式,开沟机工作转速符合模态分析的要求,不会与开沟机主体发生共振破坏;开沟装置设计合理,为进一步对开沟机进行优化设计提供了数据参考。     

基于模态分析的机械式无级变速器星形轮的优化设计

机械式无级变速器在机械传动调速方面发挥着巨大的作用。建立以总传动比最大为目标函数的优化模型,利用MATLAB编程求解,得到优化后的结构尺寸。分别以优化前后的结构尺寸在PRO/E中绘制凸轮式无级变速装置三维实体模型,对输出轴进行力学分析,对传动齿轮进行模态分析,对比总变形量。结果表明,该设计有利于降低结构尺寸,减少制造成本。     

大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的模态分析

为研究大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的振动特性,基于ANSYS有限元分析软件对大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的模态特性进行研究,分析了大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴前5阶振型图及固有频率,并对其各阶固有频率对应的临界转速进行研究.研究表明,大流量自吸离心泵机组轴在支撑间距以及形式的影响下,主要体现出扭曲振动,且第4阶发生了2次扭转变形,呈现对称变化分布.与此同时,大流量自吸离心泵机组轴的设计转速为2 200.00 r/min,而大流量自吸离心泵机组轴的最低临界转速达到2 848.07 r/min,高于实际转速2 200.00 r/min,从而避免了发生共振的可能.采用合理的结构设计可以有效地避免大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴发生共振,通过模态分析得到振型图和动画显示,清晰地展现出大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的动态特性,为系统的安全运行、振动分析以及结构的优化设计提供重要的理论依据.     

基于ANSYS Workbench的打捆机卷压滚筒模态分析

为分析打捆机卷压滚筒的振动特性,利用Solid Works建立卷压滚筒的几何模型,并利用ANSYS Workbench的有限元分析功能对卷压滚筒装配体进行了模态分析。得到了其前6阶固有频率与振型,通过对仿真结果的分析,得出临界转速。由于卷压滚筒在工作时的转速远低于临界转速,该设计可满足实际工作的需求。     

南方型紫花苜蓿叶片响应盐胁迫蛋白质组和转录组关联分析

为了从基因和蛋白质水平上揭示南方型紫花苜蓿适应盐胁迫环境的分子机制,以南方型紫花苜蓿Millennium为材料,对正常培养和盐胁迫条件下的2个样品叶片进行转录组和蛋白质组关联分析。结果表明,定量蛋白和基因关联系数为0.2485;变化趋势相反差异蛋白和基因表达的关联系数为-0.2440;变化趋势相同差异蛋白质和基因表达的关联系数为0.8122。鉴定出109个与差异基因表达趋势相同的差异蛋白,其中77个上调,32个下调,这些差异蛋白功能涉及光合作用、抗氧化物、信号传递、翻译后修饰、翻译和分子伴侣、胁迫防御、能量产生与转运、代谢和其它未知功能蛋白等。下调表达的蛋白主要与光合作用相关,而上调表达的蛋白主要参与了抗氧化物、信号传递和胁迫防御等。此外,关联发现了与紫花苜蓿盐胁迫响应相关的III类过氧化物酶、铁蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C、LRR类受体激酶、ABA反应蛋白、钙联接蛋白2、液泡H+-ATP酶C亚基和NADP-苹果酸酶等差异蛋白。本研究通过高通量多组学数据的关联分析,发现一些可能作为紫花苜蓿耐盐潜在靶标蛋白(基因),这为深入认识紫花苜蓿盐胁迫的应答分子调控机制奠定了坚实的基础。