Root-released organic acids and phosphorus uptake of two barley cultivars in laboratory and field experiments

A major portion of phosphorus (P) applied as fertilizers is bound in soils as P compounds of variable adsorption strength, reducing the effectiveness of P fertilization. Plant genotypes equipped with mechanisms for utilizing the adsorbed P more efficiently can, therefore, enhance the effectiveness of P fertilization. Such genotypes will also enrich plant gene pools for further analysis and upgrading of P efficiency by selection and breeding. We studied the variation and the mechanisms of P uptake of two winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars Marinka and Sonate (parents of existing 200 haploid progeny lines), by laboratory and field experiments. After cultivation in nutrient solution for 21 days, Marinka produced more roots than Sonate, but similar amounts of dry shoots of lower P content (Marinka 3.4±0.4 mg g⁻¹, Sonate 4.9±0.6 mg g⁻¹). The total P uptake per plant did not differ between the cultivars. Marinka retained more P in roots as indicated by the higher concentration of P in the roots (Marinka 3.9±0.3 mg g⁻¹ and Sonate 3.0±0.4 mg g⁻¹). In sterile nutrient solution culture, the cultivars differed mainly in release of organic acids from the roots, with Marinka releasing three times more citric acid and nearly two times more acetic acid than Sonate. The cultivars had similar root hair lengths and they did not differ (P>0.05) in depletion of available soil P fraction (extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO₃) in the rhizosphere. Marinka absorbed nearly twice as much P from the strongly adsorbed soil P fraction (extracted with 0.1M NaOH). Also under field conditions, Marinka absorbed more P and produced more shoot dry matter. The higher P uptake by Marinka than Sonate can be attributed to its ability to acquire P from strongly adsorbed soil P by releasing more organic acids, especially citric acid, from its roots.     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

水分胁迫对幼苗期霸王叶片生理特性的影响

以霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)种子为材料,通过盆栽试验进行水分胁迫处理并分析其幼苗期叶片生长生理特性的变化及其与长期水分利用效率之间的相关关系.结果显示,1)霸王幼苗总叶面积、单叶面积随着水分胁迫的加剧显著减小,严重胁迫使总叶数急剧减少,与中度胁迫处理相比减少了51.2%;2)水分胁迫显著降低...     

西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响

针对我国西南地区旱作农田土层浅薄、水土流失严重、季节性干旱多发等问题,以常规平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、垄作+秸秆覆盖(RS)、平作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(TSD)、垄作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(RSD) 6种措施作为处理,连续2年进行大田对比试验,研究不同保护性耕作措施对西南“旱三熟”种植区农田土壤生态要素、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 保护性耕作措施可以有效地改善土壤有机质和养分状况,且对酸性土壤有一定的改良作用,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量;可改善土壤水分状况,增强作物的抗旱节水能力,各处理0~80 cm土层2年平均贮水量排序为：RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm);可降低7月份表层土壤温度,缓解夏季高温对玉米后期生长发育造成的伤害,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理对5 cm和10 cm土层温度有显著降低效应;可抑制杂草生长,具有良好的控草效应,其中TS、RS、TSD、RSD处理的杂草高度、密度和生物量均比T和R有极显著下降;可促进蚯蚓的繁殖和生长,使农田生态环境得到明显改善。总体来看,秸秆覆盖措施可以改善土壤肥力,并具有增加土壤贮水、调节土壤温度、控制农田杂草和促进蚯蚓生长的作用,垄作和腐熟剂在增加土壤贮水方面有明显效果。保护性耕作模式显著提高了作物的产量和水分利用效率,增加了经济收益。2年系统平均产量和水分利用效率排序为：RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK),总产值和纯收入排序为RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK)。在各处理中以RSD、RS两种模式的综合效果最好,在西南“旱三熟”种植区具有很好的推广前景。     

白刺光合生理特性对人工模拟增雨的响应

在乌兰布和沙漠东缘即内蒙古磴口县,利用Li-6400xt便携式光合测定系统分析仪测定不同增雨处理(4个增雨处理的增雨量分别是当地年降水量的25％、50％、75％和100％)条件下,典型荒漠植物白刺的光响应曲线,采用非直角双曲线模型对曲线进行拟合,计算最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)以及光饱和点(LSP)等生理参数,研究白刺光合生理特性对人工模拟增雨的响应.结果表明:对照的Amax、AQY、Rd、LCP和LSP分别为13.41 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.029 mol·mol-1、0.61 μmol·m-2·s-1、20.63 μmol·m-2·s-1和481.85 μmol· m-2·s-1.增雨使白刺的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、Amax、AQY和Rd升高,使水分利用效率(WUE)降低.增雨处理在一定程度上改变白刺的光合生理特性,提高白刺的光合生产能力.对胞间CO2浓度和气孔限制值的变化分析表明:气孔因素是限制光饱和阶段光合速率的主要因素.     

粮食流通成本控制与现代粮食物流体系建设研究

粮食物流是粮食商品流通的重要内容构成,加强现代粮食物流体系建设,提升粮食物流服务水平是提高粮食流通效率、降低粮食流通成本的重要路径。阐述了粮食物流体系建设与粮食流通成本控制的关系,分析了粮食流通运行、粮食物流体系建设现状和存在的主要问题,在此基础上,就如何构筑现代粮食物流体系,进一步有效控制粮食流通成本提出了具体建议。     

Experimental Analysis on Function of Free Cooling Unit with a Pump-driven Loop Heat Pipe for Internet Data Center

A free cooling unit with a pump-driven loop heat pipe was designed for internet data center (IDC), and its components and working processes were described. The experiment system for the developed prototype was built and the comprehensive studies were conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the unit can reach to 5.88 when the temperature difference between IDC indoor and outdoor is 10℃, and it will be 10.41 when the temperature difference is 18℃. When mass flow rate of the working fluid in the unit changes within a certain range, namely the gasification rate of the fluid being between 2% and 50%, there is no significant changes for the heat transfer capacity. And there is an approximately linear relationship between the capacity and the temperature difference. Meanwhile, with the increase of the system resistance, both temperature difference of the fluid between inlet and outlet of the evaporator and the proportion of the sensible heat to the capacity also increase.     

4种红树净光合速率对光和CO_2浓度的响应特征

以秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和木榄等4种红树为研究对象,测定了这4种红树在自然生境中的光合作用对光和CO2的响应曲线,阐述了其光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征。结果表明,不同红树光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)不同,4种红树LCP为白骨壤(81.95μmol.m-2·s-1)桐花树(61.84μmol.m-2·s-1)秋茄(47.09μmol.m-2·s-1)木榄(39.79μmol.m-2·s-1),LSP为桐花树秋茄白骨壤木榄;不同红树间表观量子效率存在差异,秋茄的表观量子效率最高为0.031,木榄最低为0.012,桐花树(0.027)高于白骨壤(0.017);4种红树植物光合作用的CO2补偿点介于103～152μmolCO2·mol-1,说明4种红树均为C3植物;CO2补偿点从大到小的顺序为木榄白骨壤桐花树秋茄;4种红树羧化效率(CE),最大的为桐花树,其次为秋茄,再次为白骨壤,木榄最低。     

南岭黄檀的栽培技术与效益分析

文章通过分析南岭黄檀的生长特性,详细介绍其栽培技术,并从经济、生态、社会三个方面作效益分析,从而总结南岭黄檀是一种优质的紫胶虫寄主树,适合在梅州地区种植,能快速带动山区人民致富。     

追施复合肥对观赏向日葵生长发育的影响

利用从德国引进的观赏向日葵"索丽塔"、"佛罗伦萨"、"情人"、"美丽微笑"、"金雀金黄黑芯"5个品种为材料,进行不同浓度复合肥追施试验,结果表明,"索丽塔"、"佛罗伦萨"追施1.0 g/L的复合肥效果最佳,"情人"、"美丽微笑"、"金雀金黄黑芯"追施2.0g/L的复合肥效果较优。