盐酸和碳酸氢钠对早期断奶仔猪胃酸分泌、消化酶活性和肠道微生物的影响

采用30头平均体重5.25kg的(28±1)日龄断奶杜×长大杂交仔猪,在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(对照组)中分别添加1%NaHCO3、0.6%HCl、2.4%HCl、2.4%HCl+2.04%NaHCO3,以研究盐酸和碳酸氢钠对早期断奶仔猪胃酸分泌、消化酶活性和肠道微生物的影响.结果表明:添加2.4%HCl可诱导仔猪胃溃疡发生,抑制胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌,降低十二指肠胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性(P＜0.05);添加0.6%HCl和2.4%HCl+2.04%NaHCO3对胃酸分泌、十二指肠胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性没有影响,其中添加0.6%HCl可降低胃内容物pH值(P＜0.10),提高胃蛋白酶原激活率,降低结肠大肠杆菌数量(P＜0.10),而添加2.4%HCl+2.04%NaHCO3使结肠大肠杆菌数量显著上升(P＜0.05).添加1%NaHCO3对十二指肠消化酶活性没有影响,虽可诱导胃酸分泌,但仍使胃内容物pH值升高(P＜0.10),结肠大肠杆菌数量显著上升(P＜0.05).上述结果表明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中添加低剂量盐酸(0.6%)可降低结肠大肠杆菌数量和腹泻发生率;而大剂量盐酸(2.4%)和NaHCO3(1%)均不利于仔猪消化道功能发育.     

Effect of rice straw on the composition of volatile soil gas and micro flora in the tropical paddy field

The effect of rice straw on the composition of volatile soil gas and microflora in the tropical paddy field was studied with and without fertilizer application.

The volatile soil gas most abundantly found in plots with rice straw was methane followed by other gases, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide during the early stage of rice growth, while nitrogen predominated in later stages.

The loss of soil nitrogen through volatilization increased following phosphorus application as well as rice straw application as compared with that in the control plot. In the former case, the enhancement of decomposition of organic-N was assumed to be due to the increase in population of cellulose decomposer.

Rice straw application with or without N-fertilizer increased methane gas formation by 27 to 63 times as compared with the phosphorus plot and the peak of its formation was found 5 to 7 weeks after rice straw application. However methane formation in the control plot was very low and was found only 5 to 9 weeks after flooding.

Rice straw application usually increased the number of various groups of microorganisms along with contributing to the transformation of organic-N to N₂ gas. But the stimulating effect was chiefly observed in the population of Azotobacter.     

施用石灰氮对烟株根际土壤微生物区系的影响

为研究施用石灰氮对烟株根际土壤微生物区系变化及其对烟草青枯病发病率的影响,分别在烟株不同生长期采集根部土壤进行16S/18S rDNA基因测序,以分析烟株生长过程中微生物数量、多样性以及群落结构的变化。结果表明,施用石灰氮后,在烟株生长的团棵期硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度相比对照分别增加了55.0%和105.6%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)降低了20.2%,旺长期细菌的Sobs指数、Shannon指数和Chao指数分别增加了6.3%、3.1%和3.4%。PCA分析显示,施用石灰氮的处理与对照的根际土壤微生物区系结构从团棵期开始表现出差别,且随烟株生长差异逐渐增大。物种差异分析显示施用石灰氮的处理中鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、黄杆菌属(Flavisolibacte)等与土壤氮循环有关的功能菌丰度显著增多。成熟期对青枯病发病率和烟叶产量等统计表明,施用石灰氮处理对烟草青枯病的防控率达到了49.9%,烟叶产量提高了11.7%。     

家畜粪便好氧堆肥中主要微生物类群分析

以牛粪、猪粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,添加不同调理剂,在自制的强制通风静态垛堆肥反应器中进行堆肥试验,研究不同处理的微生物变化规律。各处理在堆肥过程中的微生物总数呈波浪型的变化,其中细菌的数量变化类似于微生物总数的变化;真菌的数量变化呈现一条类似于“W”型曲线;放线菌一直呈下降趋势。牛粪和猪粪处理分别添加果园粘土和炉渣对堆肥过程中的微生物影响大,添加果园粘土能够增加微生物总数。堆肥处理中细菌是优势种群,Bacillus sp.和Aspergillus sp.是优势种。家畜粪便的粪大肠菌值在堆肥末期第39d以后达到GB规定的标准。     

鸡空肠和盲肠微生物区系的研究

应用２０日龄白来航小母鸡的肠道内容物,研究消化道部分区段微生物区系,分离鉴定出需氧菌和厌氧菌,并进行了毒力试验。结果表明,每克肠内容物含细菌的对数值（ｌｏｇｎ／ｇ）为：空肠中消化球菌９．６±０．２、双歧杆菌９．４±０．５、拟杆菌１０．６±０．６、葡萄球菌６．６±０．６、乳杆菌９．３、肠杆菌６．８±０．４;盲肠中葡萄球菌６．７±０．６、消化球菌９．８±０．３、双歧杆菌９．２±０．８、拟杆菌１０．２±０．２、棒状杆菌８．７±０．４、肠杆菌６．８±０．３、链球菌７．２±０．２、乳杆菌９．６±０．４、酵母菌４．２±１．４．     

Effect of dietary thiamin supplement on immune responses and intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study was to investigate the effect of dietary thiamin on the immune response and intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Seven diets (0.25, 0.48, 0.79, 1.06, 1.37, 1.63 and 2.65 mg thiamin kg^?1) were fed to Jian carp (8.20 ± 0.02 g). At the end of feeding trial, red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels up to 0.79 and 1.06 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively (P < 0.05); Lactobacillus counts in intestine increased gradually, and maximum values obtained when the thiamin level was at 0.79 mg kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). After the feeding trial, fish were injected with Aeromonas hydrophila only one time on the first day of the challenge trial and fed the same diets as the growth trial for 17 days. The survival rate, leucocyte phagocytic activity, lectin potency, acid phosphatase activity, lysozyme activity, total iron‐binding capacity and immunoglobulin M content of fish after being injected with A. hydrophila were all improved with increasing dietary thiamin levels up to a point, respectively (P < 0.05). These results suggested that thiamin could improve immune response and the balance of intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp.     

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on disease resistance,immune responses and intestinal microflora in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pyridoxine on disease resistance, immune responses and intestinal microflora of fish. A total of 1050 Jian carp (11.71 ± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups, feeding diets containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0.2, 1.7, 3.2, 5.0, 6.3, 8.6 and 12.4 mg kg^?1 diet). After 80 days of feeding, a challenge trial was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 17 days. Results indicated that with increasing dietary pyridoxine concentration up to 5.0 mg kg^?1 diet, survival rate after challenge with A.hydrophila and phagocytic activity of leukocyte were improved (P < 0.05), and plateaued thereafter (P > 0.05). Red blood cell and white blood cell counts were lowest when fed the diet containing 1.7 mg pyridoxine kg^?1 diet. Haemagglutination titre, lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase activity, total iron‐binding capacity, antibody titre and immunoglobulin M content followed the similar pattern to that observed with survival rate. Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus counts in intestine were not affected by dietary pyridoxine concentration (P > 0.05). These results suggested that pyridoxine could enhance immune response of fish.     

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei. Treatment with 0.1 mg/L did not result in a reduction in the total bacterial amount and therefore was not effective. A concentration of 10 mg/L led to significant changes in the chemical water parameters already after 2 days and was therefore not recommendable. A concentration of 1 mg/L led to increased levels of ammonia and nitrite within 2 days and to a significant increase in the bacterial amount in the water, most probably due to an enhanced growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The microflora showed significant fluctuations, and there were indications that the welfare of the shrimps was affected. Using 1 mg PAA/L for prophylactic use is therefore also not recommendable but might be an alternative option for short-term treatment in cases of disease outbreaks.     

基于SCI的肠道微生物与健康文献计量学研究

利用文献计量学方法,统计分析了2002—2010年SCI-E收录肠道微生物与健康的研究文献,探讨了肠道微生物与健康文献的文献量变化与语种、国家或地区分布、主要研究机构、期刊分布、核心作者等,以期为我国肠道微生物与健康相关研究工作提供参考。     

Effect of dietary vitamin B6 supplementation on growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

In order to investigate the dietary vitamin B₆ (VB₆) requirement for juvenile golden pompano, an experiment of six different diets with six dietary VB₆ levels (0, 3.75, 7.47, 10.6, 13.7 and 18.5 mg/kg) was conducted. The results indicated that the content of dietary VB₆ significantly increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; p < 0.05). Golden pompano fed diet containing 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ achieved the maximum ALT, AST, GPx, hepatic VB₆ concentrations as well as the minimum MDA, however, the ALT, AST, GPx and hepatic VB₆ concentrations decreased while MDA increased with a further increase in dieatry VB₆. The highest values of GR and POD occurred at the 10.6 and 13.7 mg/kg dietary VB₆ (p < 0.05) respectively. A diet supplemented with 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ increased intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, Chymotrypsin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase and amylase activities (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes improved with an increase in dietary VB₆ levels up to 7.47 mg/kg. Quadratic regression analysis on WGR, hepatic VB₆ concentrations, AST and ALT indicated that the optimum dietary VB₆ levels for juvenile golden pompano were 8.84–9.28 mg/kg.