Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

初始pH对嗜线虫致病杆菌YL001菌株抑菌活性及代谢的影响

【目的】研究初始培养pH对Xenorhabdus neamatophila YL001发酵液抑菌活性的影响,为进一步提高YL001的抑菌活性提供理论依据。【方法】采用生长速率法、琼脂扩散法、活体组织法,分别测定了初始pH 4.5,5.5,6.5,7.0,7.5和8.5培养条件下,X.neamatophila YL001发酵液及其乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性;同时采用HPLC、LC-MS分析了乙酸乙酯提取物中代谢物的差异。【结果】随着初始pH的升高,共生菌发酵液及其乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性也逐步提高。pH8.5时,YL001发酵液对水稻瘟疫病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、苹果轮纹病菌(Physalospora piricola)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)、甘蓝黑斑病菌(Alternaria brassicae)以及枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)均具有最强的抑制作用,发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病的EC50为1.29mg/mL,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径为14.65mm。随着初始培养pH的升高,YL001发酵液及乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病的治疗和保护作用也逐渐提高,保护作用明显优于治疗作用。HPLC和LC-MS代谢分析表明,pH8.5、pH 7.0及pH 4.5培养条件下发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物中代谢物含量存在显著差异。【结论】初始培养pH可以显著影响X.neamatophila YL001的抑菌活性及代谢能力,碱性条件更有利于活性物质的产生及其稳定性的保持。     

Potential Pharmacological Resources: Natural Bioactive Compounds from Marine-Derived Fungi

In recent years, a considerable number of structurally unique metabolites with biological and pharmacological activities have been isolated from the marine-derived fungi, such as polyketides, alkaloids, peptides, lactones, terpenoids and steroids. Some of these compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibiotic and cytotoxic properties. This review partially summarizes the new bioactive compounds from marine-derived fungi with classification according to the sources of fungi and their biological activities. Those fungi found from 2014 to the present are discussed.     

伯氏致病杆菌SN269发酵液中madumycin Ⅱ的分离与纯化

利用硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析技术从伯氏致病杆菌SN269发酵液中分离得到化合物D3。通过核磁共振波谱、质谱及旋光度等分析,并结合相关文献,将其鉴定为madumycinⅡ。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了madumycin Ⅱ对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:madumycin Ⅱ对辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthoa capsici和番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为35.32和35.40 mg/L。     

芽胞杆菌中的喷他霉素检测与分析

采用高效液相四级杆飞行时间质谱分析巴达维亚芽胞杆菌Bacillus bataviensis FJAT-10043发酵液中胞外代谢物的成分。运用安捷伦公司的MassHunter软件,对数据进行分子特征提取,并通过Metlin代谢物质谱数据库检索,获得总体代谢物的信息。在巴达维亚芽胞杆菌Bacillus bataviensis FJAT-10043发酵液中,用液相质谱检测到656种代谢物,通过Metlin谱库搜索得到初步鉴定结果的有121种。其中,喷他霉素是相对含量最高的成分。喷他霉素占该菌发酵液总代谢物相对含量的4.22%,匹配得分达到96.39,保留时间为2.7339 min。喷他霉素发现为巴达维亚芽胞杆菌来源的抗真菌抗生素的开发与利用提供理论依据。     

马蓝次生代谢产物研究进展

马蓝是一种常用的道地药材,地下根茎与根常作为生产板蓝根及制剂的原料,具有多种药效功能。药用植物中有效成分大多数为植物次生代谢产物,但当前就马蓝次生代谢方面的研究却鲜有报道。本研究以植物的次生代谢为出发点,结合马蓝目前已经报道的药效成分研究现状,着重从酚类、萜类、含氮化合物3种次生代谢产物对马蓝次生代谢产物研究概况进行阐述,旨在为马蓝药效成分形成的分子机制研究提供理论基础,为进一步开展马蓝种质创新工作奠定基础。     

不同肥力土壤中分解几丁质微生物代谢产物对玉米的促生效果研究

从吉林省不同玉米栽培区土壤中以胶状几丁质为碳源分离筛选分解几丁质微生物,最终筛选出功能菌株并命名为CC-1,采用16 Sr RNA序列扩增法鉴定为芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp,通过SDS-PAGE分析法进一步确定该菌株的几丁质酶生产能力和几丁质酶的蛋白分子量为30 k Da。通过盆栽试验进行微生物肥料对不同肥力中的玉米促生效果的研究,结果表明,以CC-1菌株生产的微生物肥料效果受土壤的基础肥力状况影响较大,土壤的肥力状况与微生物的增产效应成反比,相对贫瘠的土壤对微生物处理的响应较为敏感,对玉米的生物学性状及产量表现出了一定的促进作用,增产达到了13.08%。     

Effects of intercropping vines with tobacco and root extracts of tobacco on grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch

The effects of grape-tobacco intercropping patterns on populations of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, as well as on the growth and development of the infested vines were evaluated in the field and the impact of an aqueous tobacco root extract on grape phylloxera was evaluated using a laboratory bioassay. The aqueous tobacco root extract exhibited biological activity against this pest. The egg mortality, nymph mortality, development period, life span and female fecundity were significantly affected. In the field trial, grape phylloxera populations were clearly lower as compared to the monoculture pattern. However, the rates of newly developed roots and newly infested grape roots were significantly higher and lower, in intercropping patterns than in the vine monoculture, respectively. The grape phylloxera population number on the grape roots decreased each year, and the vine trees gradually renewed upon continuous intercropping with tobacco over three years. These results confirmed that intercropping grapes with tobacco can effectively control grape phylloxera in an infested vineyard. The results also indicated that additional crops could be intercropped with grapes and are effective against grape phylloxera, which should be explored as an integrated approach for controlling the pest.     

LC-MS-Based Metabolomics Study of Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolite and Antibiotic Production in Salinispora arenicola

An LC-MS-based metabolomics approach was used to characterise the variation in secondary metabolite production due to changes in the salt content of the growth media as well as across different growth periods (incubation times). We used metabolomics as a tool to investigate the production of rifamycins (antibiotics) and other secondary metabolites in the obligate marine actinobacterial species Salinispora arenicola, isolated from Great Barrier Reef (GBR) sponges, at two defined salt concentrations and over three different incubation periods. The results indicated that a 14 day incubation period is optimal for the maximum production of rifamycin B, whereas rifamycin S and W achieve their maximum concentration at 29 days. A “chemical profile” link between the days of incubation and the salt concentration of the growth medium was shown to exist and reliably represents a critical point for selection of growth medium and harvest time.     

Alkaloids with Cardiovascular Effects from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium expansum Y32

Three new alkaloids (1, 4 and 8), together with nine known analogues (2, 3, 5–7, and 9–12), were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium expansum Y32. Their structures including the absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic and Mosher’s and Marfey’s methods, along with quantum electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Each of the compounds was evaluated for cardiovascular effects in a live zebrafish model. All of the compounds showed a significant mitigative effect on bradycardia caused by astemizole (ASM) in the heart rate experiments. Compounds 4–6 and 8–12 exhibited potent vasculogenetic activity in vasculogenesis experiments. This is the first study to report that these types of compounds show cardiovascular effects in zebrafish. The results suggest that these compounds could be promising candidates for cardiovascular disease lead compounds.