黑龙江省奶牛小区建设生产关键环节的探讨

随着奶牛养殖业的快速、持续发展,饲料浪费、环境污染和奶牛疫病等问题日益突出,加快推进畜牧业生产方式转变已成为人们的共识.各地在转变生产方式的实践中总结出了很多行之有效的方法,其中养殖小区就是比较普遍的一种.为此,对黑龙江省奶牛小区的建设、生产中的关键环节及关键技术进行了深入细致的分析和阐述,旨在为黑龙江省奶牛养殖小区的规划设计、建设施工和生产运行提供理论依据.     

陇东旱塬农作物生态潜力研究

在分析了陇东旱塬什字塬区农业资源的基础上,运用“农业生态区域法”(AEZ)估算了该区主要农作物的资源生产潜力,分析了限制农田生产力的主要因素,提出了进一步挖掘潜力的战略途径.     

中国黑熊及其养殖业的发展现状

如何认识、正确处理野生动物的保护与利用之间的关系是极为重要的。与中国传统医药发展息息相关的黑熊养殖业,在中国已经存在20多年了。目前已完成了自野外捕获向自我繁殖以维持种群发展的关键转折,实现了养殖技术的升级、取胆技术的革新、养殖规模呈现集约化发展趋势。本文概述了中国野生黑熊分布和种群数量,为保护黑熊所采取的各种措施和成效,以及黑熊养殖业的历史和发展现状。介绍了国内与黑熊保护和驯养有关的法律和政策,在此基础上,详细分析了野生黑熊保护与黑熊养殖业的关系,揭示二者间即保护与可持续利用的内在关联,并对黑熊养殖业涉及的问题进行了解析。以化解黑熊保护与利用之间的矛盾,引导黑熊养殖业迈向健康发展之路。     

基于WAP的农时农事系统设计

以系统工程原理和网络平台为基础,以计算机编程技术、数据库技术、网络技术为研究工具,以WAP技术、3G移动技术为桥梁,开发农时农事系统.该系统可实现农时农事随时随地登记和查询,为实现农牧产品质量安全追溯打下基础.     

油菜机械化生产关键环节农机农艺融合问题的探讨

油菜作为除粮食以外种植面积最大的大田作物，主要由人工进行种植、田间管理和收获，而油菜机械化生产是我国油菜生产发展的方向。文章针对油菜机械化生产的现状和问题，探讨如何正确发挥农机农艺相互融合的模式，进而提高油菜机械化生产的产量。     

宁夏旱作农业区应用全膜双垄沟播技术的效应分析

摘要：通过对宁夏旱作农业区应用全膜双垄沟播技术效应、存在问题的分析，肯定了该项技术是旱作农业的一项突破性技术，针对其在生产应用中存在的技术问题，提出了提高认识、强化技术培训、提高技术到位率、加强技术创新力度、坚持地膜补贴惠民政策、建立旧膜回收机制、加强领导等对策，以加快全膜双垄沟播技术的应用速度，发挥更大的增产、增效作用。     

Dairy farming financial structures in Hokkaido, Japan and New Zealand

The productivity and financial performance of dairy farms in New Zealand and Japan (Hokkaido) were analyzed. By recomposing the official statistics on the dairy industry relative to Japan, New Zealand has low milk yield productivity per cow, but higher per hectare performance because of their seasonal breeding and pasture grazing systems. In the revenue and expenses analysis, New Zealand had a high cash surplus ratio compared with Hokkaido. In the cost analysis, for expenses on a “per kg of raw milk” basis, New Zealand milk production costs are 29% of those in Hokkaido. More than 60% of the production costs were attributable to feed, interest charges and wages in New Zealand. In Hokkaido, the feed cost alone accounted for 73% of the total cost. There is also a remarkably high interest expenditure in New Zealand caused by non‐subsidized fund procurement from finance organizations. In the financial analysis, New Zealand dairy farms have only approximately 50% of the total assets per cow compared with farms in Hokkaido. But total liabilities per cow in Hokkaido are twofold to threefold greater than in New Zealand. The difference between total assets and total liabilities shows that Hokkaido dairy farmers have an equity that is 50–200% greater than New Zealand dairy farmers. In the management analysis, New Zealand has a low turnover ratio of gross assets caused by the seasonal breeding system. In conclusion, New Zealand has higher per hectare production performance than Hokkaido, but has a low utilization of gross assets caused by a seasonal breeding system based on pasture grazing.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征

在半干旱地区甘肃榆中北部中连川流域取一横断面,根据地形部位与利用条件布设11个测点,用土钻法监测土壤水分剖面分布与动态,测深到5m。各立地条件年内4月到12月土壤水分动态趋势多样。流域横断面的土壤湿度均较低,2～5m平均值一般都小于10％,其中以坡地苜蓿与半阳坡柠条林地最干燥。该地区土壤干燥化层是普遍存在的,不仅存在于人工植被,也存在于天然植被。径流富集叠加可显著改善土壤水分状况,隔坡水平梯田是其重要途径。退耕还草中要考虑各类草地的比例、苜蓿种植的适宜规模及其持续性问题。     

南方发展草畜业的几点思考

世界农业由子实体向营养体的转型、北方休牧还草政策的出台以及南方理想的自然条件和市场空间,为草畜业发展提供了千载难逢的机遇;南方发展草畜业不失为一条帮助农民快速致富的有效途径;只要破解观念更新、资金筹措、技术传授三大难题,草畜业定能成为南方农业的主要板块。     

The management of intensive dairy farms can be improved for better welfare and milk yield

The intensive breeding is often considered a risk of low welfare in dairy cows. Namely, the high yield has been suggested to be per se a cause of well-being reduction. Conversely, we have in many farms demonstrated that high milk yielding cows are not necessarily in a bad welfare condition, while many environmental and management problems can cause a distress situation and a reduced milk yield. To confirm these results, in an average yielding dairy farm affected by several problems, the welfare was assessed according to an Integrated Diagnostic System which considers health status, milk yield and quality, feeding strategy, blood profiles etc. The same check-up has been repeated a year later, after some attempts to correct main mistakes previously observed: dry and lactating cow diets, n° of cubicles, hygiene conditions, preparation and milking procedures etc. In one year only part of the mistakes have been fully corrected; nevertheless, the animal response was definitively improved suggesting a better welfare situation: improvement of teat and body condition (BCS) scores and reduction of open days, of legs and feet lesions and of somatic cell count (SCC : 283 vs. 456 cells/μl) as well as an increase of milk yield (25.2 vs. 20.1 kg/d).

Results confirmed that better breeding techniques can optimise the animal welfare and optimise milk yield in the intensive systems.