基于不同有效积温的玉米干物质累积量模拟

为获得研究区适宜的玉米干物质累积量(DM)估算模型,通过2017—2019年在吉林省长春地区开展的3年农田试验,观测玉米生育期内作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温、作物冠层温度以及玉米地上部干物质累积量等数据,建立基于不同有效积温的Logistic模型及其归一化模型,并用实测数据进行模型验证。结果表明,基于有效积温建立的Logistic模型可以模拟单株玉米干物质累积量生长,但不同地点、不同年份所建立的模型参数差异较大; Logistic归一化模型能够很好地模拟区域玉米干物质增长,在利用实测数据进行模型验证中,基于作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温和作物冠层温度4种类型有效积温的Logistic归一化模型,其均方根误差、相对误差、决定系数和模型一致性系数都能达到较优值;以2019年数据建立的Logistic归一化模型对玉米干物质累积量模拟效果最优;基于有效冠层积温的Logistic归一化模型模拟效果较优。本研究结果可为灌区精量灌溉决策和管理提供技术支撑。     

以水分适宜指数作为作物适水种植指标的初探

通过对抗旱指数(DRI)的分析和改进,首次提出了水分适宜指数(WAI),并以此为指标,在不同的水分条件下对18个不同的玉米品种进行抗旱性研究。结果表明:WAI可以更好的反映不同水分条件下的产量变化,并且倾向于选择高产型品种。可以作为作物适水种植的筛选方法。     

黑龙江省青贮玉米收获机械现状及发展趋势

青贮玉米收获机是青贮玉米饲料机械化生产中重要的农业装备之一。为此,分析了黑龙江省青贮玉米收获机械的现状和发展趋势;指出了青贮玉米收获机械发展中存在的问题;提出了相应的解决对策。其目的是为进一步加快黑龙江省青贮玉米收获机械的发展献计献策。     

玉米籽粒内部组分低对比度透射图像精确分割研究

为解决玉米籽粒透射图像由于对比度较低造成内部组分提取不精确的问题,提出一种基于色彩通道非线性变换的多通道重叠区域分割方法,对玉米籽粒图像在灰度、R通道及b通道下得到的二值图像使用重叠区域原理,实现玉米籽粒组分的精确分割。首先,采集不同玉米品种的籽粒透射图像,提取单粒玉米籽粒;其次,采用多通道重叠区域法分割单粒籽粒图像,得到玉米籽粒胚部、角质胚乳和粉质胚乳3部分的图像;最后,以查全率和查准率评价多通道重叠区域法与传统图像分割方法对不同品种玉米籽粒的分割效果。不同品种玉米籽粒的分割试验表明:多通道重叠区域分割方法的查全率、查准率及综合评价指标均达到98%以上,分割效果优于传统的图像分割方法,能够实现不同品种透明角质玉米籽粒透射图像的精确组分分割。     

鲜食玉米速冻加工研究进展

主要阐述了鲜食玉米速冻加工的历史、现状及存在的问题 ,并对鲜食玉米乳熟期各主要营养成分的变化作了系统说明 ,最后阐明了影响鲜食玉米速冻加工品质的主要因素     

土著微生物-玉米对Cr污染的联合修复初步研究

以从铬矿渣堆放区土壤分离到的土著微生物为试验菌群,采用二苯碳酰二肼显色法,检测Cr（Ⅵ）浓度变化,筛选出4株对Cr（Ⅵ）的清除率大于50%的土著菌株,并设定为联合修复的微生物元素,与玉米幼苗作组合,对Cr进行微生物-植物联合清除试验。结果表明,在Cr浓度为100mg·L^-1的条件下,具有明显的降低培养液中Cr（Ⅵ）浓度的效果,实验条件下的清除率可达70%;在Cr浓度为100mg·L^-1的条件下,土著微生物的存在,还可以明显提高玉米种子萌发率,提高幅度高出对照10%以上。     

Suitability of foliar N applied to rainfed maize in permanent beds after 12 crop seasons of granular N application

Abstract

Yield and kernel quality of rainfed maize as affected by N fertilizer has been generally evaluated through the application of granular N sources at high rates. The purpose of this work was to estimate the response of maize yield and quality (kernel hardness—floating index, weight and test weight -, P uptake and protein) to foliar N application and preceding granular N. Data for this report were collected in 2014 and 2015 in a long-term experiment established in 2002 under permanent beds in a split plot arrangement. Main plot treatments were three foliar N rates (0, 4.5 and 9?kg ha^?1) laid out on the top of four preceding granular N rates (0, 20, 40 and 60?kg ha^?1) applied from 2002 to 2013 as subplots. Weather conditions were relatively wetter in 2014 than 2015. In 2014, test weight and floating index improved over that in 2015. Foliar application of 9?kg N ha^?1 enhanced yield and protein. In 2014, yield response to preceding N rates showed an increasing trend whereas in 2015 response was null. Kernel P uptake response to preceding N rates showed a differential reaction among foliar N rates; 9?kg ha^?1 showed the greatest uptake. Kernel floating index was associated to kernel P uptake. Apparently, this relationship has not been previously reported. Results suggests that the application of 9?kg N ha^?1 to foliage of rainfed maize grown in permanent beds has the potential to substitute the traditional fertilization practice of granular N sources.     

不同耕作和秸秆覆盖对三北2号玉米产量的影响

连续两年在慈利县研究了不同耕作方式(翻耕和免耕)和不同油菜秸秆覆盖量(全量、半量、0)对三北2号玉米产量和主要农艺性状的影响,以评价和筛选适合当地的耕作模式。结果表明,与免耕处理相比,翻耕各处理玉米平均产量增加了2.36%~9.11%,且在高温干旱年份(2013年)比雨水较多年份(2014年)增幅大。玉米单产均是秸秆全量覆盖处理半量覆盖处理不覆盖处理。翻耕+秸秆全量覆盖在连续两年的试验中产量均为最高,可在慈利县推广。     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.