中国农户经济增长研究

农村实行改革以来，重新确立了农户经营在农业生产经营中的主体地位，农户再度成为独立的经济实体。农户经济的微观决策，主要体现于农户收入在消费、储蓄、投资之间的分配，体现于多个投资项目选择和单个投资项目规模的确定上。制约农户经济增长的宏观因素主要是：非完善的土地制度，低发育程度的农村市场和供给不足的政府、社区社会化服务。引导、规范农户消费行为合理化，增强农户投资的活力，完善制约农户经济增长的有关制度、法规，刺激政府、社区社会化服务的有效供给，是促进农户经济增长的可行途径。     

陕西农村主导产业的全面开发与宏观指导

根据农村主导产业选择的标准、陕西农村资源状况、产业结构的特点和经济发展水平等因素，提出了陕西农村主导产业的开发大致需要经历初步开发、加速开发和成熟开发３个阶段，以及与之相适应的主导产业序列。针对陕西农村主导产业效益低。产业关联薄弱、产业转换能力差等实际，设计了农村主导产业扶持政策、农村实用技术与人才的开发、农村产业组织创新、基础产业和辅助产业发展等方面的宏观指导政策     

The Political Construction of Free Trade Visions: The Geo-Politics and Geo-Economics of Australian Beef Exporting

This article contributes to emergent scholarship that questions neoliberal discourses in agricultural policy, through a case study that challenges assumptions about the role of “the market” in explaining the recent expansion of Australian beef exports. Australia is the world’s largest beef exporter and its beef exports more than doubled between the mid-1980s and the turn of the 21st century. This expansion, however, can be explained through a particular conjunction of political conditions, which are unlikely to be repeated with equal force in the current decade. Specifically, recent growth hinged upon a combination of (1) rapid growth of Japanese and Korean beef consumption in the early 1990s; (2) the operation of the US “cattle cycle” in the mid-1990s; and (3) the privileged position of Australian beef during this period, vis-à-vis Latin American competition, because of concerns over foot and mouth disease. However, because of their adherence to neoliberal assumptions about the supposed inevitability of trade liberalization, agricultural economists have mistaken these specific circumstances for a general condition in which Australian beef exports will continue growing. This deceptive envisaging of the bounty from liberalization leads not only to false expectations among industry participants, but encourages politics in which industry growth is fallaciously prioritized. Bill Pritchard, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in Economic Geography at the University of Sydney, Australia. He specializes in agri-food globalization.     

国外农业机械化法规及支持政策

综述了国外农业机械化法规及支持政策概况，指出基本实现农业机械化时期是政府加大财政投入的重点阶段．不同阶段政府对农业机械化的财政投入及优惠政策有所不同。我国正处于基本实现农业机械化和加快工业化发展时期，国家应加大对农业机械化的扶持力度，提出促进我国农业机械化发展的支持政策建议。     

基于文本解码的中国“三农”政策演进研究

选取改革开放以来国家层面颁布的195份"三农"政策为样本，运用内容分析法和社会网络分析法来厘清"三农"政策演进的主要特征。结果表明：总体上，改革开放以来，"三农"政策呈现显著的阶段性特征，不同阶段的政策内容主题存在差异，呈现出单一聚焦向全要素统筹的总体趋势。具体看，政策发文数量呈现总体增长态势；政策发文主体呈现独立化向协作化发展趋势；政策内容趋向于精准化和全面化，且始终以农业发展和土地改革为重点，其中人才、科技及资金是乡村发展的关键。     

改革开放以来我国耕地保护绩效定量研究——基于数量保护的视角

通过对改革开放以来我国耕地保护政策绩效的定量分析,为健全耕地保护政策提供参考依据。根据修正后的耕地面积数据(1978-2012年)和耕地保护相关的经济社会因素,构建耕地数量变化的多元线性回归模型。在对耕地保护政策发展历程、现有体系分析的基础上,依据该模型对35年来耕地保护政策的绩效进行了分析。研究结果显示,我国耕地保护政策绩效显著,35年共遏制耕地减少面积250.963×104hm2,遏制耕地减少贡献率达17.35%。耕地保护政策绩效有着明显的时间差异性,不同阶段政策遏制耕地减少的贡献率差异明显;但在耕地保护政策发展的4个阶段,政策遏制耕地减少的贡献率是逐渐上升的。说明耕地保护政策在不断的发展,耕地保护政策的绩效在逐渐发挥。2003-2012年,耕地减少面积逐渐稳定并降至多年来的最低点,同时政策遏制耕地减少的贡献率达到峰值;反映耕地数量保护的目标绩效显著,达到了顶峰。同时,提出了未来的耕地保护工作需要突出耕地的质量建设和生态建设两个着重点。     

浅析苹果树的病害防治对策和措施

苹果树是较为常见的蔷薇科落叶乔木,也是世界四大水果之一.苹果树经常会发生各类病害,不但威胁到产品的产量及品质,而且对于果农的经济收益和生产效益也会造成不同程度的影响.因此,采取有效的措施防治苹果树病害是果农面临的技术问题.     

Cost-effectiveness of groundwater conservation measures: A multi-level analysis with policy implications

Groundwater in Spain, as in other arid and semiarid countries worldwide, has been widely used in the expansion of irrigated agriculture. In the Spanish Mancha Occidental aquifer, the excessive, and sometimes illegal, water abstraction for irrigation has promoted outstanding socioeconomic development in the area, but it has also resulted in exploitation of the aquifer and degradation of valuable wetlands. Water policies implemented in the region have not yet managed to restore the aquifer and face strong social opposition. This paper uses a multi-scale modeling approach to explore the environmental and socio-economic impacts of alternative water conservation measures at the farm and basin levels. It also analyzes their comparative cost-effectiveness to help policy makers identify the least costly policy option for achieving the goal of the Mancha Occidental aquifer's sustainability. To conduct this analysis, a Mathematical Programming Model has been developed to simulate: the closing-up and taxed-legalization of unlicensed wells, uniform volumetric and block-rate water prices, water quotas, and water markets. Aggregate results show that net social costs are not substantially different across policy option, so none of the considered policy options will be clearly more cost-effective than the others. However, there are significant differences between private and public costs (at the farm and sub-basin levels), which will be critical for determining the application in practice of these policies. Results show that controlling illegal water mining (through the legalization of unlicensed wells) is necessary, but is not sufficient to recover the aquifer. Rather, effective water management in this area will require the implementation of other water management policies as well. Among them, uniform volumetric and block-rate water pricing policies will entail the lowest net social cost, but will produce important income losses in the smallest and most water-intensive farms, which might put at risk the viability of these farms and the social acceptance of the policies. Further investigations on social costs, policy enforcement capacity and public participation in water management are highly recommended.     

Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area

The impact of hunting on wildlife is a complex phenomenon which varies in space and across time, and yet limited knowledge is available on it. This is especially the case of the indirect effects of hunting on the behaviour of target as well as non-target species. Here we analyze how hunting affected the spatial behaviour of 62 radiocollared roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a protected area adjacent to areas where hunting with hounds (target species: wild boar and hares) and stalking with rifles from high seats without dogs (target species: roe deer) were permitted during the hunting season. Our results showed that hunting caused a significant increase in the home range size of monitored deer, as well as a “reserve effect”, whereby roe deer used the protected area as a refuge from hunters. These behavioural responses were significant only at times when hunting with hounds was conducted, even though roe deer was not the target species of this technique. Reactions to the perceived risk of predation varied among age and sex classes, with yearling being more sensitive and using the protected area more than adults. As shown in our study, hunting harassment provoked by drives with hounds significantly affects the behaviour of non-target species. Therefore, the use of long-legged hounds represents a variable that should be carefully evaluated by wildlife managers in their management plans and conservation policies, especially when endangered or vulnerable species are present.     

探析毛泽东、邓小平治理国家策略之异同

毛泽东和邓小平是我们党第一和第二代领导集体的核心。他们以马克思主义为指导,对治理国家有着共同的方略。但是,邓小平继承、丰富和发展了毛泽东的治国方略。比较研究他们的治国方略,比较他们之间治国方略之异同。对于提高党的执政水平,巩固社会主义制度具有十分重大的意义。